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| a branch of psychology concerned with the lnks between biology and behavior. |
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| a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
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| neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
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| neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
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| neruons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sesory inputs and motor outputs |
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| the busy, branching extensions of a neruon that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
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| the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
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| a layer of fatty tissue sementally encasing the fivers of many neruons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of nerual implses as the impulse hops from one node to the next |
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| a neural impusle; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
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| the level of stimulation requires to trigger a neural impulse |
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| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. the tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft |
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| chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and being to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse |
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| a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron |
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| "morphine within" - natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. |
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| the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
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| the brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| PNS - the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. |
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| bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
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| the division of the peripheral nervous systen that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
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| the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| the divsion of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
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| a simple, autonomic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the kee-jerk response |
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| enables muscle action, learning, and memory |
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| influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion |
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| affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal |
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| a major inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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| a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory |
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| a popular but ill-fated theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits |
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| cell body, dendrites, terminal branches of axon, axon, myelin sheath, nerual impulse |
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| excite by mimicking particular neurotransmitters or by blocking their reuptake |
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| inhibit a particular neurotransmitter's release or block its effect |
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| When ACh is released to our muscle cell receptors, the muscle _____. |
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| Increasing the level of stimulation above the threshold, will not ______ the neural impulse's intensity. |
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| Neurons are like _______ generate electricity from chemical events. |
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| When an action potential reaches the knoblike terminals at an axon's end, it triggers the release of chemical messagers called |
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| Made an exciting discovery about neurotransmitters when they attached a radioactive tracer to morphine. |
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| Candace Pert and Solomon Snyder |
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| Researchers soon confirmed that the brain does indeed produce its own naturally occurring _____. |
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| Drugs and other chemicals affect brain chemistry at ________. |
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| When your finger touches a flame, ______ activity exited by the heat travels via sensory neurons to interneurons in your spinal cord. |
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| Information travels to and from the brain by way of the _______. |
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| If something alarms, enrages, or challenges you, your _________ system will accelerate your heartbeat. |
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| Neurons are the nervous system's ... |
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| A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerking response. |
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| A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons |
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Enables castly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next |
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a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
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| Our body's neural information system is complexity built from __________ |
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| Our nervous system has a few _______ sensory neurons. |
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| Our nervous system has a few _______ motor neurons. |
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| Our nervous system has a few _______ and ______ interneurons. |
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| Unlike the short dendrites, axons are somethings very ..... |
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| long, projecting several feet through the body. |
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| A jeural impulse travels at speeds ranging from a sluggish ___ miles per hour to a breakneck ____ or more miles per hour. |
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| The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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| Enables muscle action, learning, and memory |
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| Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. |
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| Affects, mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. |
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| A major inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
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| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
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| Undersupply can depress mood. |
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