Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Exocrine: What it secretes |
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Definition
| Secretes fluids, lubricants, and enzymes |
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Term
| Endocrine: What it secretes |
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Definition
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Term
| Exocrine: Where it secretes |
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Definition
| Onto body surface or into cavity, they travel directly onto target. |
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Term
| Endocrine: Where it secretes |
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Definition
| Hormones dumped right into bloodstream, act on target cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Endocrine system: Overview |
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Definition
| Series of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the circulatory system. Endocrine system is made up of endocrine organs and hormones. |
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Term
| Endocrine system cooperates with.... |
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Definition
| Nervous system. Nervous= faster activity, endocrine= slower response but effect usually lasts longer. |
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Term
| Endocrine system: Function overview |
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Definition
| Hormones travel to regions of the body and signal physiological responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of hormones and endocrine glands. |
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Term
| Endocrine organs: Pure endocrine organs |
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Definition
| Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal gland. |
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Term
| Endocrine organs: Organs belonging to other systems |
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Definition
| Pancreas, thymus, gonads, and hypothalamus. |
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Term
| Endocrine organs: Other organs |
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Definition
| Can secrete hormones too (heart, digestive tract) |
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Term
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Definition
| Amino acid (protein), Steroid (lipid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Circulate through bloodstream, leave through capillaries and affect only the target cells. |
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Term
| Hormones: Target cells have... where hormones... |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones: What they really are |
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Definition
| Hormones themselves are just triggers which set of preprogrammed responses |
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Term
| Control of Hormone Secretion: 3 major types of stimuli |
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Definition
| Humoral, Neural, and Hormonal |
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Term
| Humoral Stimuli: Function |
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Definition
| Secretion in response to levels of ions or nutrients in the blood |
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Term
| Humoral Stimuli is the .... endocrine.... mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Parathryoid gland monitors [Ca++] of blood and responds to declines by releasing hormones to increase calcium levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretion in response to nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate the cells in the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| Hormonal Stimuli: Function |
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Definition
| Secretion in response to hormones secreted by other glands. |
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Term
| Hormonal Stimuli: Example |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus secretes hormones which stimulate the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads to secrete hormones |
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Term
| Pituitary gland (hypophysis): Composition |
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Definition
| 9 major hormones from anterior and posterior lobe. |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland: What it really is |
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Definition
| Two separate glands, anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis). All are protein hormones. |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland: Size and Shape |
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Definition
| Is a small round structure, 1cm in diameter. |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland: Location |
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Definition
| Hangs on stalk below hypothalamus; stalk is called infundibulum. |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe location |
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Definition
| Ventral portion under hypothalamus. |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe (adenohypophysis) secretions |
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Definition
| Hormones that regulate growth and secretion of other glands, tissues (called TROPIC hormones, or stimulating hormones) |
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Term
| Secretions of Anterior Lobe: Growth hormone (somatotropin) |
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Definition
| Regulates growth of body cells, promotes cell division. |
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Term
| Secretions of Anterior Lobe: Melanocyte |
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Definition
| Causes darkening of skin by stimulating melanin. |
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Term
| Secretions of Anterior Lobe: Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| Regulates thyroid gland, but hypothalamus partially controls. |
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Term
| Secretions of the Anterior Lobe: Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
| Promotes functioning of adrenal cortex. |
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Term
| Secretions in the Anterior lobe: Follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| In females it regulates monthly development of follicle and egg, and secretion of estrogen. In males it stimulates testes to create sperm. |
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Term
| Secretions of the Anterior Lobe: Luteinizing hormone |
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Definition
| Works together with follicle stimulating hormone. In females helps bring about ovulation, formation of progesterone. In males, it stimulates testosterone development and secretion. |
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Term
| Secretions of the Anterior Lobe: Prolactin |
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Definition
| Secreted in both makes and females, but functions more in females after birth- responsible for milk production. |
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Term
| Secretions of the Anterior Lobe: Targets |
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Definition
| Other endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, glands) |
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Term
| Secretions of the Anterior Lobe: Effects |
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Definition
| Generally stimulates tissue growth and gland secretion, essential for growth, development, and maturation. |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland: How adenohypophysis is controlled. |
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Definition
| Anterior lobe is controlled by the hypothalamus, which secretes peptide hormones (releasing factors) |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland: Chain of control |
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Definition
| The hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis, which controls the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads. |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis) location |
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Definition
| Dorsal, is considered part of the brain-has nervous tissue. |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland Neurohypophysis: Secretion |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone of vasopressin, oxytocin. |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland Neurophypophysis: AHD target/effects |
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Definition
| Kidney-helps retains water (decrease urine flow) Blood vessels-constricts (increases BP) |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland Neurophypophysis: Oxytocin target/effects |
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Definition
| Uterus=contractions, delivery. Breasts=lactation. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the anterior neck, inferior to the larynx-just below Adam's apple. Wraps around front of trachea, has two lobes connected by the isthmus-and many blood vessels around it. |
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Term
| Thyroid Gland: Secretions |
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Definition
| Thyroid hormone (TH)- 2 similar hormones. Thyroxine=T4, Triiodothyronine=T3. |
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Term
| Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone: Peptide hormone |
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Definition
| Contains iodine, which is needed for function. |
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Term
| Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone: Target |
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Definition
| Almost all body tissues to increase basal metabolic rate. |
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Term
| Thyroid Gland: Secretion: Calcitonin |
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Definition
| Targets bones, retains calcium, inhibits osteoclasts (decreases blood calcium, keeps calcium in bones) |
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Term
| Thyroid Gland: Activation |
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Definition
| Pituitary gland releases thyroid stimulating hormone, which signals release of thyroid hormone. |
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Term
| Parathyroid Glands: Location |
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Definition
| 4 tiny glands, superior and inferior pair on each lateral lobe of the posterior thyroid. |
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Term
| Parathyroid Glands: Secretion |
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone, protein hormone made by chief cells. |
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Term
| Parathyroid Glands: Bone effect |
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Definition
| Increases calcium release (increases osteoclast activity-opposite effect of calcitonin. |
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Term
| Parathyroid Glands: Small intestine effect |
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Definition
| Increases Ca absorption (by activating Vitamin D) |
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Term
| Parathyroid Glands: Targets |
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Definition
| Bone, small intestine, kidneys. |
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Term
| Parathyroid Glands: Kidneys effects |
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Definition
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Term
| Parathyroid Glands: Net effect |
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Definition
| Increases calcium in bloodstream, decreases amount in bones. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal Glands: Composition |
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Definition
| Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulk of gland, controlled by adrenocorticotropic hormone from adrenohypophysis. |
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Term
| Adrenal Cortex secretes over...hormones called... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal Cortex: Secretions |
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Definition
| 2 classes: Mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids. |
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Term
| Adrenal Cortex: Secretions: Aldosterone |
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Definition
| mineralocorticoid that targets the kidney (increases Na retention and water follows increasing blood volume) |
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Term
| Adrenal Cortex: Secretions: Cortisol |
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Definition
| Glucocorticoid that targets the liver and muscles (increasing glucose metabolism) |
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Term
| Adrenal Medulla: Location |
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Definition
| Inside portion of adrenal gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled by sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Adrenal Medulla: Secretion |
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Definition
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) |
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Term
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Definition
| All sympathetic target organs |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforces sympathetic mass activation, hormonal effect lasts 10 times longer- fight or flight response. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Not well understood in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Roof of 3rd ventricle, dorsal to thalamus, dorsal/superior to midbrain. Basically is straight back from the eyes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Helps regulate circadian rhythms, sleep. Increases secretion in dark. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is BOTH an endocrine and exocrine gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior abdominal wall, middle-left side (stomach is superior to it, transverse colon is inferior to it, kidneys are dorsal to it) |
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Term
| Pancreas: Secretions (protein hormones) |
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Definition
| Pancreatic islets, Glucagon, Insulin. |
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Term
| Pancreas: Secretions: Pancreatic islets |
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Definition
| (islets of Langerhans) are responsible for endocrine function-2 types (alpha, beta) |
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Term
| Pancreas: Secretions: Glucagon |
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Definition
| Helps to release fuel into bloodstream-comes from alpha islet cells. |
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Term
| Pancreas: Secretions: Insulin |
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Definition
| Helps to store glucose/fuel (decreases amount in bloodstream) comes from beta islet cells. Thus insulin is released in a HYPERglycemic state and has a HYPOglycemic effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucagon signals liver to release glucose from stored glycogen; insulin signals liver to store glucose as glycogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Farther down trachea from thyroid, rests on top of pericardial sac in the mediastinum (base of neck) - in front of aorta, behind sternum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thymic hormone (thymosin, thymopoietin)-peptide hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphoid tissues (especially nodes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase lymphocyte production, especially T cells- helps maintain immunity- gland is much larger in children, regresses in size after puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Upper pelvic cavity, one of each side of uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not purely endocrine gland- also produces egg cells, estrogen, progesterone (steroids) |
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Term
| Ovaries: Estrogen target/effect |
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Definition
| most body tissues, growth and development, sex drive. |
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Term
| Ovaries: Progesterone target/effect |
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Definition
| Uterus, endometrial proliferation in pregnancy (preparing uterus for implantation) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Androgens (steroids; primarily testosterone) |
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Term
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Definition
| Not purely endocrine-produces sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most body tissues-growth and development, sex drive. |
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Term
| Gonads: Feature ovaries and testes share |
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Definition
| Both sex steroid groups are produced in BOTH sexes (recall adrenal cortex also produces both) |
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Term
| Heart: Atrial Natriuertic Peptide |
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Definition
| Decreases excess blood volume, high BP, and high sodium concentration- stimulates kidney to increase salt secretion. |
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Term
| GI Tract (stomach, intestines) Secretions |
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Definition
| Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Gastroinhibitory peptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Released by stomach-stimulates HCl. |
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Term
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Definition
| Released by small intestine- stimulates water and bicarbonate secretion in pancreatic juice. |
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Term
| GI Tract: Cholecystokinin |
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Definition
| Released by small intestine- stimulates gall bladder, pancreatic juices. |
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Term
| GI Tract: Gastroinhibitory Peptide |
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Definition
| Released by small intestine- inhibits gastric emptying, acid secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretions and activity of GI tract. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Kidneys function and target/effect |
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Definition
| Secrete erythropoietin- red bone marrow, stimulates RBC production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Precursor to vitamin D, is produced by modified cholesterol molecules after exposure to UV light (vitamin D is fully activated by liver), signals calcium absorption from small intestine (needed for bone) |
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Term
| Pituitary Gland Disorders |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tumor causes hyper secretion of growth hormone in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive growth hormone secretion after epiphyseal growth plates fuse (enlargement of hands, feet, or face) |
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Term
| Pancreas Disorder: Diabetes Mellitus |
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Definition
| Insufficient insulin OR inability of cells to react to insulin (blood sugar is high) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "Adult onset" reduced insulin sensitivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Graves' disease, Hypothyroidism, Goiter. |
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Term
| Thyroid Disorder: Graves' Disease |
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Definition
| Over secretion of thyroid hormone (elevated metabolic rate, rapid HR, sweating, etc.) |
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Term
| Thyroid Disorder: Hypothyroidism |
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Definition
| Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone (low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged thyroid glans due to lack of iodine. |
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