Term
| The food animals eat provides both a source of ? and ? that the animal body is not able to manufacture itself |
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Definition
| energy; essential molecules |
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Term
| An optimal diet conatins more ? than fats and also a significant amount of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main uses of food? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbs are obtained primarily from... |
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Definition
| cereals, grains, and breads |
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Term
| What does the body use carbs for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are dietary fats obtained from? Where are they abundant? |
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Definition
| oils, margarine, and butter and are abundant in fried food, meats, and processed snack foods |
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Term
| What does the body use fats to do? |
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Definition
| construct cell membranes, to insulate nervous tissue, and to provide energy. |
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Term
| Are fats used for long term or short term energy use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Without lipids (fats) you would not have a functioning... |
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Definition
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Term
| NO animal cell has enzymes that can break down... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the energy storage molecule in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can animals digest starch? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the energy storage molecule in animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymes are a biological catalyst that help speed up the... |
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Definition
| rate of the chemical reaction by lowering the amount of energy required to start the reaction. |
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Term
| Where can proteins be obtained from? |
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Definition
| many foods including poultry, fish, meat, and grains |
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Term
| Proteins are used for energy and as building materials for... |
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Definition
| cell structures, enzymes, hemoglobin, hormones, and muscle and bone tissue |
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Term
| Proteins can act as ? in a cell membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| The standard measure of the appropriate body weight is the... |
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Definition
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Term
| What do diets that are low in fiber result in? |
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Definition
| a slower passage of food through the colon |
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Term
| Low fiber is thought to be associated with incidences of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Many vertebrates are unable to manufacture one or more of the ? amino acids used to make proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many amino acids are humans unable to synthesize? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are essential amino acids obtained? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some essential minerals that food must supply? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the minerals that are required in very small amounts called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are essential organic substances that are used in trace amounts called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are many vitamins required co-factors for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the electrolytes? |
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Definition
| Potassium (K+) , Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Phosphorous (P3-), Calcium (Ca2+) |
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Term
| Into how many groups and how are heterotrophs divided? |
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Definition
| 3; on the basis of their food sources |
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Term
| What are the 3 groups of heterotrophs and what do they eat? |
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Definition
herbivores eat plants exclusively
carnivores are meat eaters
omnivores eat both plants and animals |
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Term
| How do single celled organisms and sponges digest their food? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| All other animals digest their food ?, within a ? |
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Definition
| extracellularly; digestive cavity |
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Term
| What is the alimentary canal? |
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Definition
| a digestive tract with a separate mouth and anus |
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Term
| What does the alimentary canal permit? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is an example of an organism that has an alimentary canal? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In humans and other vertebrates, the digestive system consists of a tubular ? and accessory organs. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why do herbivores have long convoluted small intestines? |
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Definition
| because they ingest a large amount of plant cellulose, which resists digestion |
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|
Term
| What kind of structure does the tubular gastrointestinal tract have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do birds, which lack teeth, break up food? |
|
Definition
| in their two-chambered stomachs |
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Term
| What is the first chamber of the birds stomach called and what does it do? |
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Definition
| the proventriculus, produces digestive enzymes |
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Term
| What is the second chamber of the birds stomach called and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| gizzard contains small pebbles ingested by the bird, which are churned together with the food by muscular action |
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|
Term
| What kind of dentition do mammals have and what does it mean to have these types of teeth? |
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Definition
| heterodont dentition, teeth of different specialized types |
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|
Term
| What are human teeth specialized for? |
|
Definition
| Being omnivorous (eating both plants and animals) |
|
|
Term
| humans are ? in the front of the mouth and ? in the back |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the use of saliva? |
|
Definition
| moistens and lubricates food so that it is easier to swallow; contains a hydrolytic enzyme called amylase |
|
|
Term
| What does the enzyme amylase do? |
|
Definition
| Initiates the breakdown of starch into the disaccharide maltose |
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|
Term
| What prevents food from going into the respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach |
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Term
| Rhythmic waves of contractions, called ?, propel food towards the stomach |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does the sphincter control movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach? |
|
Definition
| contraction of the sphincter prevents food in the stomach from moving back into the esophagus |
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|
Term
| What can happen if the sphincter relaxes when it shouldn't? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the stomach contain an extra layer of smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do parietal cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do chief cells excrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pH of gastric juice? Is it more acidic or basic than blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the name for the mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Overproduction of gastric acid can occasionally eat a hole through the wall of the stomach |
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|
Term
| What is the intrinsic factor necessary for? |
|
Definition
| intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 |
|
|
Term
| What is vitamin b12 necessary for? What can the lack of this vitamin cause? |
|
Definition
| production of red blood cells; pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
| True digestive vat of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are most enzymes that are necessary for digestion made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pancreas is an exocrine gland. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| it secretes through ducts |
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|
Term
| What is the first part of the small intestine called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Much of the food energy the vertebrate body harvests is obtained from...? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Fat digestion involves ? that are secreted into the duodenum by the ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the use of the jejunum? |
|
Definition
| where digestion continues |
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|
Term
| What is the use of the ileum? |
|
Definition
| where water and digested products are absorbed |
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|
Term
| The lining of the small intestine is folded into ridges, which are covered with fine projections called...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each of the cells covering the villus is covered by a field of projections called...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| to compact and store undigested material as feces |
|
|
Term
| Why are ruminants called ruminants? |
|
Definition
have large divided stomachs
one section, the rumen, harbors symbiotic prokaryotes and protists |
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|
Term
| Give two examples of ruminants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do other herbivores, such as rodents, horses, and rabbits, harbor microorganisms that can digest cellulose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eating feces in order to further process cellulose |
|
|
Term
| What do trypsin and chymotrypsin do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pancreatic amylase do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the pancreas secrete the neutralizes HCl from the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the pancreas produce hormones? |
|
Definition
| in the islets of Langerhans |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most important pancreatic hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If the bile duct in the liver becomes blocked |
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|
Term
| The liver produces ? and stores it in the ? where it is concentrated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the liver remove toxins, pesticides, carcinogens, and other poisons? |
|
Definition
| by converting them into less toxic forms |
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|
Term
| Excess amino acids that may be present in the blood are converted to...? |
|
Definition
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