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| Mssacre of peaceful protesters at Winter's Square in St. Petersburg. |
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| Russian parliament opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but wiith absolute veto power from the tsar. |
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| Result of the American Civil War that gave western land to settlers. |
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| "Struggle for civilization," Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church. |
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| The changes that enable a country to compete effectively. |
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| The result of a great general strike in October 1905. |
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| Guerrilla army of Guiseppe Girabaldi who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to "liberate" it and won the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry. |
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| The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871. |
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| An effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines. |
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| Result of discontetnt from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities. |
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| A new institution of local government in reformed Russia, whose members were elected by a three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners. |
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| Movement toward Jewish political nationhood, started by Theodor Herzl. |
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| German customs union formed in 1834 to stimulate trade and increase the revenues of member states. |
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