Term
| Role of the alimentary canal |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures of the alimentary canal |
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Definition
| Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine |
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|
Term
| Accessory digestive organs |
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Definition
| teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas |
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|
Term
| Role of accessory digestive organs |
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Definition
| produce secretions that help digest food |
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Term
| Six essential activities of the digestive process |
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Definition
| Ingestion, Mechanical digestion, Propulsion, Chemical digestion, Absorption, Defecation |
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Term
|
Definition
| taking food into the digestive tract |
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Term
|
Definition
| chewing, mixing, and churning food |
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Term
|
Definition
| swallowing and peristalsis |
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Term
|
Definition
| waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls |
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Term
|
Definition
| rhythmic constriction of the intestines that mixes food with digestive juices |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal activities |
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Definition
| Chemical digestion, absorption, defecation |
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Term
|
Definition
| catabolic breakdown of food |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph |
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Term
|
Definition
| elimination of indigestible solid wastes |
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Term
|
Definition
| external environment for the digestive process |
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Term
| Regulation of digestion involves? |
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Definition
| Mechanical and chemical stimuli, extrinsic control, intrinsic controls |
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Term
| Regulation of digestion: Mechanical and chemical stimuli |
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Definition
| stretch receptors, osmolarity, presence of substrate in the lumen |
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Term
| Regulation of digestion: Extrinsic control |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Regulation of digestion: Intrinsic control |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Receptors of the GI tract: What do mechano- and chemoreceptors respond to? |
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Definition
| stretch, osmolarity, and pH. Presence of substrate, and end products of digestion |
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Term
| Mechano and chemoreceptors initiate what reflexes? |
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Definition
| activate or inhibit digestive glands. mix lumen contents and move them along |
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Term
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Definition
| serous membrane of the abdominal cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| covers external surface of most digestive organs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| lubricates digestive organs. allows them to slide across one another |
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Term
|
Definition
| double layer of peritoneum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera. hold digestive organs in place and store fat |
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Term
|
Definition
| organs outside the peritoneum |
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Term
| Peritoneal organs (intraperitoneal) |
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Definition
| organs surrounded by peritoneum |
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Term
| Splanchnic Circulation: Hepatic artery serves what organ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Splanchnic Circulation: Splenic artery serves what organ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Splanchnic Circulation: Left gastric artery serves which organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Splanchnic Circulation: Inferior mesenteric artery serves which organ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Splanchnic Circulation: Superior mesenteric artery serves what organ? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hepatic portal circulation: Collection |
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Definition
| Takes nutrient-rich venous blood from the digestive viscera |
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Term
| Hepatic portal circulation: Delivery |
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Definition
| Blood is delivered to the liver for metabolic processing and storage |
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Term
| Histology of the Alimentary Canal |
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Definition
| From esophagus to the anal canal the walls of the GI tract have the same four tunics |
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Term
| What are the four tunics? |
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Definition
| Lumen outward: Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa |
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|
Term
| Specificity of the tunics? |
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Definition
| Each tunic has a predominant tissue type, specific digestive function |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones |
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Term
| Mucosa: Digestive functions |
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Definition
| Absoprtion of digestion and products into blood (small intestine) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| protects against infection |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Lamina propia of the mucosa |
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Definition
| contains capillaries that nourish the epithelium and collects digested material |
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Term
| Muscularis mucosae of the mucosa |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle layers that produce local movement of mucosa |
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|
Term
| Submucosa: anatomy basics |
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Definition
| connective tissue pouch that helps organs, especially the stomach expand. sheath that "holds" inner layers intact |
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Term
| Muscularis externa: Basic anatomy |
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Definition
| Layer of smooth muscle cells that perform segmentation or peristalsis |
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|
Term
| Muscularis externa: "Blocker" |
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Definition
| Thickened areas, called sphincters, prevent backflow |
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|
Term
| Muscularis externa: Inner layer |
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Definition
| runs with the circumference of tube, pushes forward, circular muscle |
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|
Term
| Muscularis Externa: Outer layer |
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Definition
| Longitudinal muscle. Runs the length of the tube. Pushes forward |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| "Sausage Casing" Visceral peritoneum that holds everything together |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| bounded by the lips and cheeks externally, and teeth and gums internally |
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Term
|
Definition
| area that lies within the teeth and gums |
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Term
|
Definition
| median fold that joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum |
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Term
|
Definition
| underlain by palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae |
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Term
|
Definition
| assists the tongue in chewing |
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|
Term
| Anatomy of the hard palate |
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Definition
| Slightly corrugated on either side of the raphe (midline ridge) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing |
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|
Term
| Soft palate - projections |
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Definition
| Uvula projects downward from its free edge |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lingual frenulum secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produce and secrete saliva |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cleanses the mouth, moistens and dissolves food chemicals, aids in bolus formation, contains enzymes that break down starch |
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|
Term
| Three pairs of extrinsic salivary glands |
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Definition
| Parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
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Term
| Parotid gland: Opens into... |
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Definition
| The vestibule next to second upper molar |
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|
Term
| Submandibular gland opens into... |
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Definition
| the base of the lingual frenulum |
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|
Term
| Sublingual gland opens... |
|
Definition
| via 10-12 ducts into the floor of the mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
| secreted from serous and mucous cells of salivary glands |
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Term
|
Definition
| Containing a lower concentration of osmotically active components than a standard solution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 97-99.5% water, hypo-osmotic, slightly acidic solution |
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|
Term
| What does saliva contain? |
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Definition
| Electrolytes, digestive enzyme, proteins, metabolic wastes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Na+, K+, Cl-, PO4 2-, HCO3- |
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|
Term
| Digestive enzyme of saliva |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| mucin, lysozyme, defensins, and IgA |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Immunogoblin A, Antibody A |
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|
Term
| Metabolic wastes of saliva |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What do salivary glands secrete serous, enzyme-rich saliva in response to? |
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Definition
| Ingested food wich stimulates chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors, and the thought of food |
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Term
| What system inhibits salivation and results in dry mouth? |
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Definition
| Strong sympathetic stimulation |
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Term
| The mouth, the oro- and laryngopharanx allow passage of what? |
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Definition
| Food and fluids to the esophagus. air to the trachea |
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|
Term
| What is the pharynx lined with? |
|
Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium and mucus glands |
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|
Term
| What are the two skeletal muscle layers of the Pharynx? |
|
Definition
| Inner longitudinal, Outer pharyngeal constrictors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscular tube going from the laryngopharynx to the stomach |
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|
Term
| What does the esophagus travel through? |
|
Definition
| The mediastinum and pierces the diaphragm |
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|
Term
| Where do the esophagus join the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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|
Term
| What is the shape of the esophagus when it is empty? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the shape of the esophagus when food is present? |
|
Definition
| Flattened from resting position |
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|
Term
| What are the changes in the muscularis as the bolus moves from superior to inferior portions? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal and smooth muscle respectively |
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Term
| Digestive Processes in the Mouth: Step 1 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Digestive Processes in the Mouth: Step 2 |
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Definition
| Mechanical digestion begins, mastication |
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|
Term
| Digestive Processes in the Mouth: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Propulsion is initiated by swallowing |
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|
Term
| Digestive Processes in the Mouth: Step 4 |
|
Definition
| Salivary amylase begins breakdown of starch and simple sugars |
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Term
| Digestive Processes in the Mouth: Step 5 |
|
Definition
| Pharynx and esophagus serve as conduits to pass food from the mouth to the stomach |
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Term
| Digestive Processes in the Mouth: Step 5 |
|
Definition
| Oral cavity shapes the broken down mass into a bolus that is swallowed |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is swallowing (deglutition)? |
|
Definition
| Coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and 22 separate muscle groups |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tip of tongue must press against roof of mouth |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Bolus is forced into the oropharynx |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Once bolus is past the uvula swalling is out of our control |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Uvula and soft palette ascend and close off nasopharynx |
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|
Term
| Pharyngeal-esophygeal phase |
|
Definition
| controlled by the medulla and lower pons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Epiglottis descends blocking off trachea |
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|
Term
| Pharyngeal-esophygeal phase: Step 1 |
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Definition
| All routes except into the digestive tract are sealed off |
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|
Term
| Pharyngeal-esophygeal phase: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| Peristalis moves food through the pharynx to the esophagus |
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|
Term
| Pharyngeal-esophygeal phase: Solids |
|
Definition
| Food travels to the stomach in 8-10 seconds |
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|
Term
| Pharyngeal-esophygeal phase: Liquids |
|
Definition
| Water, saliva, liquds reach stomach in 1-2 seconds |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Characterized by gastroesophageal sphincter not working properly |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Upper esophageal sphincter |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Gastroesophageal Sphincter |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chemical breakdown occurs in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 15 to 25 cm long. 50 ml volume. Can hold up to 4L when full. |
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|
Term
| What happens when the stomach is empty? |
|
Definition
| Collapses into folds called rugae - the sound of stomach growling |
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Term
|
Definition
| surrounds the cardiac orifice |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Dome-shaped region beneath the diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
| midportion of the stomach |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of the antrum and canal which terminates at the pylorus |
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|
Term
| What is the pylorus continuous with? |
|
Definition
| The duodenum through the pyloric sphincter |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyloric Sphincter, active sphincter |
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|
Term
| Greater curvature of the stomach |
|
Definition
| entire extent of the convex lateral surface |
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|
Term
| Lesser curvature of the stomach |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the stomach held in place by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two mesentearies of the stomach |
|
Definition
| Lesser omentum, greature omentum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Runs from the liver to the lesser curvature |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| drapes inferiorly from the greater curvature to the small intestine |
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|
Term
| Microscopic modifications of the anatomy of the stomach |
|
Definition
| Muscularis - has an additional oblique layer |
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|
Term
| Role of the oblique layer of the muscularis |
|
Definition
| Allows the stomach to churn, mix, and pummel food physically. Breaks down food into smaller fragments |
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|
Term
| What is the epithelial lining of the stomach composed of? |
|
Definition
| Goblet cells that produce a coat of alkaline mucus |
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|
Term
| What is the role of the alkaline mucus produced by the goblet cells? |
|
Definition
| Traps a bicarbonate-rich fluid beneath it |
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|
Term
| What do gastric pits contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do gastric glands secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does gastric juice contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid |
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|
Term
| Gastric glands of the fundus and body have what secretory cells? |
|
Definition
| mucous neck cells, parietal cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete HCL and intrinsic factor |
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|
Term
| What do Chief cells produce? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How is pepsinogen activated by? |
|
Definition
| HCl in the stomach. Pepsin itself via a positive feedback mechanism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that digests proteins into peptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete digestive hormones into the lamina propia |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of Cholecystokinin? |
|
Definition
| A stimulating hormone which turns on enzymes that stimulate intestinal digestion of fats and proteins |
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|
Term
| What is the role of Somatostatin? |
|
Definition
| Inhibitory hormone that suppresses gastrin release |
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|
Term
| What protective systems does the mucosal barrier contain? |
|
Definition
| Thick coat of bicarbonate-rich mucus on the stomach wall. Epithelial cells that are joined by tight junctions. Gastric glands that have cells impermeable to HCl |
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|
Term
| Digestion in the stomach: Physical |
|
Definition
| Holds ingested food. Degrades the food, deliver chyme to the small intestine, rolls and churns food |
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|
Term
| Digestion in the Stomach: Chemical |
|
Definition
| Enzymatically digest proteins with pepsin, secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin B12 |
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|
Term
| Three phases of digestion |
|
Definition
| Cephalic control, gastric phase, intestinal phase |
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|
Term
| Cephalic Phase: Excitatory Events |
|
Definition
Triggers: sight smell, taste, thought of food
Vagus nerve transmits signals to stomach glands |
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|
Term
| Cephalic Phase: Inhibitory Events |
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Definition
| Loss of appetite, Depressions, Decrease in in stimulation of the parasympathetic division |
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|
Term
| Gastric phase: Excitatory events |
|
Definition
| Stomach distension, 3-4 hours long, 2/3 of gastric juices released during this time, activation of chemoreceptors by peptides caffeine, and rising pH, release of gastrin into blood |
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|
Term
| Gastric Phase: Inhibitory events |
|
Definition
| a pH lower than 2, emotional upset that overrides the parasympathetic division |
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|
Term
| Intestinal Phase: Excitatory Phase |
|
Definition
| low pH; partially digested food enters the duodenum and encourages gastric gland activity |
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|
Term
| Intestinal Phase: Inhibitory Phase |
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Definition
| distension of duodenum, presence of fatty, acidic, or hypertonic chyme, and /or irritants in the duodenum |
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|
Term
| Intestinal Phase: Inhibitory Action |
|
Definition
| Initiates inhibition of local reflexes and vagal nuclei. Closes the pyloric sphincter. Releases enterogastrone that inhibits gastric secretion |
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|
Term
| Regulation and Mechanism of HCl secretion: What is HCl secretion stimulated by? |
|
Definition
| Acetycholine, histamine, gastrin through second-messenger systems |
|
|
Term
| When is release of HCl acid low? |
|
Definition
| If only one ligand binds to parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| When is release of HCl acid high? |
|
Definition
| If all three ligands bind to parietal cells. |
|
|
Term
| What role do antihistamines play in HCl release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How quick is muscle adaptation in stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what point does stomach pressure cease to be constant? |
|
Definition
| Until about 1L of food is ingested |
|
|
Term
| How is the unchanging pressure of the stomach maintained? |
|
Definition
| Reflex-mediated relaxation and plasticity |
|
|
Term
| What are the reflex-mediate events? |
|
Definition
| Receptive relaxation, adaptive releaxation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as food travels in the esophagus, stomach muscles relax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stomach dilates in response to gastric filling |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic electrical rhythm (BER) of gastric contractile activity initiated by? |
|
Definition
| Pacemaker cells (Cells of Cajal) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the most vigorous peristalsis and mixing occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens with chyme in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Delivered in small amounts to the duodenum. Forced backward into stomach for further mixing. |
|
|
Term
| How is gastric emptying regulated? |
|
Definition
| The neural enterogastric reflex. Hormonal (enterogastrone) mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| What type of chyme moves faster through the duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of chyme is digested more slowly? What does this cause? |
|
Definition
| Fat-laden. Food remains in the stomach longer |
|
|
Term
| Small Intestine: Gross anatomy |
|
Definition
| Runs from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve. 20 ft long by 1-1.5" in diameter. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Duodenum: Physical role in digestion |
|
Definition
| Site where food transfers from the stomach, along with bile and pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
| How is the Sphincter of Oddi regulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the small intestine is the hepatopancratic ampulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hepatopancratic ampulla? |
|
Definition
| Site where the bile duct and main pancreatic duct enter the small intestine. Controlled by the hepatopancreatic sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Other name for the hepatopancreactic sphincter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the small intestine joins the large intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the small intestine and large intestine meet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the jejunum and ileum organized? |
|
Definition
| Hang like sausage links in the central and lower abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are the jejunum and ileum suspended by? |
|
Definition
| A thick fan-like mesentary |
|
|
Term
| What do the structural modifications of the small intestine wall do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the plicae circulares? |
|
Definition
| Deep circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa |
|
|
Term
| What are the villi of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| finger like extensions of the mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What are the microvilli of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Tiny projections of absorptive mucosal cells plasma membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 modifications of the small intestine? Their role? |
|
Definition
| Length, plicae circularis, Villi, Microvilli. To increase Surface area |
|
|
Term
| What is the epithelium of the mucosa made up of? |
|
Definition
| Absorptive cells and goblet cells. Enteroendocrine cells. Interspersed T-cells called intraepithelia lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs)? |
|
Definition
| Immediately release cytokines upon encountering a foreign protein (antogen) |
|
|
Term
| What cells secrete intestinal juice? |
|
Definition
| Cells of intestinal crypts (Crypts of Kieberkuhn) |
|
|
Term
| What do the intestinal crypts (of Lieberkuhn) secrete intestinal juice in response to? |
|
Definition
| Distension or irritation of the mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is intestinal juice made up of? |
|
Definition
| Slighty alkaline, isotonic with blood plasma, largely water, enzyme poor, contains mucus |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest gland in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four lobes of the liver? |
|
Definition
| right, left, caudate, and quadrate |
|
|
Term
| What separates the right and left lobes anteriorly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the falciform ligament do? |
|
Definition
| Suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall. |
|
|
Term
| What is the ligamentum teres? |
|
Definition
| A remnant of the fetal umbilical vein |
|
|
Term
| What runs along the free edge of the falciform ligament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does the lesser omentum play with the liver? |
|
Definition
| Anchors it to the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Where do the hepatic blood vessels enter the liver at? |
|
Definition
| The porta hepatis - gateway to the liver |
|
|
Term
| Where does the gallbladder rest? |
|
Definition
| in a recess on the inferior surface of the right lobe |
|
|
Term
| What two ducts form the bile duct? |
|
Definition
| cystic duct and hepatic duct |
|
|
Term
| What two ducts fuse to become the common hepatic duct? |
|
Definition
| Right and Left Hepatic duct |
|
|
Term
| How does bileve leave the liver? |
|
Definition
| Via the hepatic duct and cystic duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolyes |
|
|
Term
| What are the bile slats derivatives of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of bile salts? |
|
Definition
| Emulsify fat, facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption, help solubilize cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What happens with bile after being used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chief bile pigment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bilirubin a waste product of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gallbladder: Physical anatomy |
|
Definition
| thin-walled green muscular (smooth muscle) sac on the ventral surface of the liver |
|
|
Term
| What does the gallbladder store and concentrate? |
|
Definition
| bile by absorbing its water and ions |
|
|
Term
| How does the gallbladder release bile? |
|
Definition
| Via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Bile release: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| Acidic, fatty chyme causes the duodenum to release CCK and secretin into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Bile Release: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| Bile salts and secretin transported in blood stimulate the liver to produce bile |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Bile Release: Step 3 |
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Definition
| CCK causes the gallbaldder to contract, the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax |
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|
Term
| Regulation of Bile: Step 4 |
|
Definition
| Result: bile enters the duodenum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Lies deep to the greater curvature of the stomach. The head is encircled by the duodenum and the tail abuts the spleen |
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|
Term
| Pancreas: Exocrine Function |
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Definition
| Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff. Acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enyzmes |
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|
Term
| Pancreas: Endocrine function |
|
Definition
| release of insulin and glucagon |
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|
Term
| Composition of Pancreatic Juice |
|
Definition
| Water soluition of enzymes and electrolytes (primarily bicarbonate HCO3-) |
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|
Term
| Function of pancreatic juice |
|
Definition
| Neutralizes acidic chyme, provides optimal environment for pancreatic enzymes |
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|
Term
| What form are the enzymes when they are released from the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the inactive enzymes released from the pancreas become activated? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the inactive enzymes of the pancreas activated in the duodenum? |
|
Definition
| Via membrane-bound enteropeptidase |
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|
Term
| Wjat is trypsinogen activated to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is chymo-tripsinogen activated into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is procarboxypeptidase activated to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the active enzymes secreted by the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| Amylase (sugar) and lipases (fats) |
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|
Term
| What do amylase and lipases require for optimal activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| Secretin and CCK are released when fatty or acidic chyme enters the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| CCK and secretin enter the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion: Step 3 |
|
Definition
| CCK and secretin reach the pancreas via bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion: Step 3 |
|
Definition
| CCK and secretin reach the pancreas via bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion: Step 4 |
|
Definition
| CCK induces teh secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice. Secretin causes secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice |
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|
Term
| As chyme enters the duodenum: How digested are carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As chyme enters the duodenum: How digested are proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As chyme enters the duodenum: How digested are fats? |
|
Definition
| No digestion has taken place |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the large intestine dividied into? |
|
Definition
| the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal |
|
|
Term
| Where does the saclike cecum lay? |
|
Definition
| below the ileocecal valve in the right iliac fossa |
|
|
Term
| What does the cecum contain? |
|
Definition
| A wormlike vermiform appendix |
|
|
Term
| Features of the large intestine |
|
Definition
| Tenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendages |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in its muscularis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pocketlike sacs caused by the tone of the teniae coli |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, and sigmoid colon |
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|
Term
| What does the sigmoid colonjoin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What segment opens to the exterior at the anus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of the rectal valves |
|
Definition
| stop feces from being passed with gas |
|
|
Term
| Two sphincters of the anus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Internal sphincter composed of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Role of the internal sphincter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Role of the external sphincter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External anal sphincter composed of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are the anal sphincters not closed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the bacterial flora of the large intestine consist of? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria surviving the small intestine that enter the cecum and those entering via the anus |
|
|
Term
| What do bacterial flora do? |
|
Definition
| Colonize the colon. Ferment indigestible carbohydrates. Release irritating acids and gases (flatus) synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K |
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|
Term
| Functions of the large intestine: Digestion |
|
Definition
| Digestion of enteric bacteria, no further digestion takes place |
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|
Term
| Functions of the large intestine: Vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large intestine: Major function |
|
Definition
| Propulsion of fecal material toward teh anus |
|
|
Term
| Motility of the Large Intestine: Haustral Contractions |
|
Definition
| Slow segmenting movements that move the contents of the colon. Haustra sequentially contract as they are stimulated by distension |
|
|
Term
| Motility of the Large Intestine: Presence of food in the stomach |
|
Definition
| Activates the gastrocolic reflex. Initiates peristalsis that forces contents toward the rectum |
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