Term
| Major Divisions of the Digestive System |
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Definition
| Alimentary canal (GI tract) Accessory Organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuous tube that extends from mouth to anus about 30 feet long |
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Term
| GI tract includes what organs/cavities |
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Definition
| Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine |
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Term
| GI Tract: Time it takes for food to travel entire length |
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Definition
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Term
| Accessory organs are connected by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Accessory organs include... |
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Definition
| teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| taking food into the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| chewing (grinds up food and mixes it with saliva), occurs in mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| swallowing food (moves it from mouth to pharynx to esophagus) – voluntary |
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Definition
| rhythmic, wave-like contractions that move food through the GI tract – involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical and chemical breakdown of food material to prepare it for absorption |
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Definition
| local, rhythmic contractions of small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| passage of molecules of food through mucous membranes of small intestine and into blood or lymph for distribution to cells |
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Term
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Definition
| discharge of indigestible wastes from GI tract |
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Term
| Mechanical digestion includes... |
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Definition
| Mouth, Stomach, and Small Intestine (segmentation) |
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Term
| Chemical digestion includes... |
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Definition
| Mouth, Stomach, and Small Intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| Small and Large Intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Visceral and Parietal peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| covers external organ surfaces, is continuous with parietal peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| space in between visceral and parietal peritoneum, contains serous fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| double layer of peritoneum that holds organs in place, stores fat, allows blood vessels and nerves to get to organs in peritoneal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucous membrane with 3 sub-layers: epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae |
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Term
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Definition
| CT layer with lots of blood vessels and nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 layers: inner circular, outer longitudinal |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the visceral peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| Receive signals from sympathetic, parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
| is the gut’s own system – controls peristalsis, segmentation (ANS speeds or slows it) |
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Term
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Definition
| Food enters and mastication takes place, aided by saliva |
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Term
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Definition
| area between teeth and cheeks |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lips, Cheeks, Palate, Teeth, and Tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| Moves food around and mixes it with saliva to form a bolus (during mastication), aids in speech production |
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Term
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane |
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Term
| Tongue: What cavity it belongs to |
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Definition
| Anterior 2/3 of tongue is in oral cavity, posterior 1/3 located in pharynx (attached to hyoid bone) |
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Term
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Definition
| bumps on the anterior 2/3 of tongue (some contain taste buds) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Mixture of food and saliva |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed to handle different types of food in different ways |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 pairs (2 upper, 2 lower) of most anterior teeth, adapted to cut and shear food |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 pairs in anterior corners of mouth, responsible for holding, tearing, and piercing |
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Term
| Teeth: Premolars and Molars |
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Definition
| are located behind canines (grinding) |
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Term
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Definition
| first set of teeth (dentition), develops in humans at around 6 months- there are 20 of them that all erupt by about age 2 ½ |
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Term
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Definition
| replace deciduous teeth, beginning around age 6 and ending at the end of adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd set of molars- can erupt, can stay put, can erupt sideways, etc. Get them at ages 17-25 |
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Term
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Definition
| Has digestive function in addition to respiratory function. Muscles contract to aid in swallowing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior to nasal cavity (NOT involved in digestion) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Esophagus: Size and description |
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Definition
| Collapsible muscular tube about 10” long |
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Term
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Definition
| Passes through opening in diaphragm called esophageal hiatus |
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Term
| Esophagus: Superior 1/3 composition |
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Definition
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Term
| Esophagus: Middle 1/3 composition |
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Definition
| Skeletal and Smooth Muscle |
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Term
| Esophagus: Inferior 1/3 composition |
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Definition
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Term
| Esophagus: Cardiac Sphincter location |
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Definition
| is at junction of esophagus and stomach |
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Term
| Esophagus: Cardiac Sphincter function |
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Definition
| is supposed to contract after food/fluid passes (sometimes allows acid back through, causes heartburn) |
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Term
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Definition
| upper left side of abdomen, just below diaphragm |
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Term
| Stomach: Shape when empty |
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Definition
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Term
| Stomach: Can hold this much food |
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Definition
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Term
| Stomach: Internal surface has... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Food gets churned up with gastric secretions to make chyme (pasty material) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow upper region just below esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| dome-shaped portion to the left of and in direct contact with diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| funnel-shaped terminal portion |
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Term
| Stomach: Pyloric Sphincter |
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Definition
| is gatekeeper to small intestine- regulates movement, stops backflow) |
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Term
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Definition
| Is about 12 feet long (longest part of alimentary canal) |
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Term
| Small Intestine: Name origin |
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Definition
| Called small intestine because it is smaller in diameter than large intestine |
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Term
| Small Intestine: Location |
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Definition
| Is positioned in lower abdomen, supported by mesentary (permits movement but not twisting) |
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Term
| Small Intestine: Overview |
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Definition
| The body’s major digestive organ, and absorption takes place |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Duodenum location and size |
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Definition
| 5% of small intestine, about a foot in length. Most of it is located in retroperitoneal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives bile secretions from liver and gall bladder here and pancreatic secretions |
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Term
| Jejunum size and location |
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Definition
| 40% of small intestine, the middle 3 feet, superior left portion. |
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Term
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Definition
| 60% of small intestine, final 6-7 feet, inferior right portion. |
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Term
| Small intestine absorption: Two components |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Forces chyme to spiral through the intestinal lumen (slows movement) |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized structures in small intestine, finger-like projections that extend into lumen of small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| with simple columnar epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| several capillaries, lymphocytes, and the lacteals (fat absorption) |
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Term
| Large intestine: Size and digestive function |
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Definition
| 5 feet long (1.5 m) and has little or no digestive function |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Relation with small intesting |
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Definition
| Frames the small intestine on 3.5 sides |
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Term
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Definition
| moves about 1” per minute – remains for approx. 12-24 hours in large intestine |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Main function |
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Definition
| is to absorb H2O and electrolytes |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Secondary functions |
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Definition
| are to form, store, and expel feces from the body |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Special features |
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Definition
| Teniae coli, haustra, epiploic appendages |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Teniae Coli |
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Definition
| 3 longitudinal strips at equal intervals around cecum and colon |
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Term
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Definition
| bulges in large intestine, fill up with material and then are stimulated to churn |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Epiploic appendages |
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Definition
| fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum (function unknown) |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Cecum size and shape |
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Definition
| Lower right side of body, sac-like |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Cecum ileocecal valve |
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Definition
| Between small and large intestine |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Cecum Appendix (vermiform) |
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Definition
| Attached to it, appendix has lymph tissue that may help resist infection. |
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Term
| Large Intestine Colon list |
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Definition
| Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid |
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Term
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Definition
| Extends from cecum to liver |
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Term
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Definition
| bend in colon (one on right side is called hepatic (aka right colic), one on left side is splenic (aka left colic)) |
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Term
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Definition
| Travels across from right to left side |
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Term
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Definition
| Travels from splenic flexure to pelvic region |
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Term
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Definition
| Point where colon angles medially from brim of pelvis, form an S-shaped bend |
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Term
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Definition
| Last 7-8 inches of GI tract (fully lined with muscle, no teniae coli) |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Anal Canal: Components |
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Definition
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Term
| Large Intestine: Anal Canal: Anus |
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Definition
| external opening of anal canal- has 2 sphincters |
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Term
| Large Intestine: Anal Canal: Internal anal sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
| Large Intestine: Anal Canal: External anal sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Accessory digestive glands that produce saliva |
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Term
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Definition
| is a solvent for cleaning teeth and dissolving food molecules (helps form bolus) |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive enzymes and lubricating mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| Is secreted continuously in small amounts to keep oral cavity moist |
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Term
| Minor Salivary glands overview |
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Definition
| There are many minor salivary glands (intrinsic glands that keep mouth moist), but most of the digestive saliva is secreted by 3 sets of extrinsic salivary glands |
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Term
| Minor Salivary Glands list |
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Definition
| Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest, located near auricle of ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferior/anterior to the body of the mandible |
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Term
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Definition
| Floor of mouth, inferior to tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest gland in the body (~3 lbs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lies inferior to diaphragm in right superior portion of abdominal cavity, base faces right and apex faces left (diaphragmatic/visceral surfaces) |
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Term
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Definition
| Has right and left lobes, separated by falciform ligament (anterior) and fissure (posteroinferior) – and has quadrate and caudate lobes (visceral) |
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Term
| Liver: Microscopic Anatomy |
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Definition
| liver lobules are plates of hepatocytes, shaped like hexagons |
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Term
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Definition
| Liver performs many functions, but digestive purpose is production of bile, which breaks up fat |
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Term
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Definition
| is produced from breaking down RBCs – found in bile |
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Term
| Gallbladder: Shape and location |
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Definition
| Muscular sac located on posteroinferior surface of liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores bile; cystic duct (from gallbladder) joins common hepatic duct (from liver) to form bile duct (common bile duct) |
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Term
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Definition
| processes fat – too much cholesterol or too few bile salts cause gallstones, which plug cystic duct |
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Term
| Pancreas: Shape and location |
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Definition
| Retroperitoneal, shaped like tadpole (head lies near duodenum, tail near spleen) |
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Term
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Definition
| Main pancreatic duct joins hepatic duct, empties into duodenum |
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Term
| Pancreas: What type of functions |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreas: Exocrine function |
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Definition
| to produce enzymes that work in small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the liver (flu symptoms, jaundice) |
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Term
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Definition
| acute infection, no long term damage |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of infected blood or body fluids, OR from mother to newborn at birth – people usually recover but condition can become chronic problem |
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Term
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Definition
| transmitted similarly to B, no short-term symptoms; many people don’t know they’re infected for a while |
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