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| The Republicans nominated ___________ for the presidency in 1868. |
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| The Republican Party supported the continuation of_________________, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace." |
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| the Reconstruction of the South |
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| The Democrats nominated _________ |
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| ______ won the election of 1868 |
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| _____ & _______ devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869. On "Black Friday," September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. |
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| _________ employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk New York of as much as $200 million. He was eventually put into prison. |
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| The __________ scandal erupted in 1872 when Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning high dividends. When it was found out that government officials were paid to stay quiet about the illicit business, some officials were censured. |
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| In response to disgust of the political corruption in Washington and of military Reconstruction, the ______________ was formed in 1872. |
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| The Liberal Republican Party met in Cincinnati and chose ____________ as their presidential candidate for the election of 1872. The Democratic Party also chose him as their candidate. |
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| ________ won the election of 1872. |
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| The Liberal Republicans caused the Republican Congress to pass a _______________ in 1872; removing political disabilities from most of the former Confederate leaders. Congress also reduced high ___________ and gave mild civil-service reform to the Grant administration. |
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Definition
| general amnesty act;Civil War tariffs |
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| Over-speculating was the primary cause to the _____________; too much expansion had taken place. Too many people had taken out loans of which they were unable to pay back due to lack of profit from where they had invested their money. |
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| Due to popular mistrust of illegitimate dealings in the government, inflation soon depreciated the value of the __________. |
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| Supported by advocates of hard money (coin money), the ____________ required the government to continue to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and to redeem all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879. |
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Definition
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| the reduction of greenbacks, was known as ___________. |
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| __________ tended to stress strict codes of personal morality and believed that the government should play a role in regulating the economic and the moral affairs of society |
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| Many Republican votes came from the _________, a politically active fraternal organization of many Union veterans of the Civil War. |
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| Grand Army of the Republic |
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| ___________ were immigrant Lutherans and Roman Catholics who believed in toleration of differences in an imperfect world. They also opposed the government imposing a single moral standard on the entire society. |
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| A "Stalwart" faction led by ___________ supported the system of swapping civil-servant jobs for votes |
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| "Spoils system" Opposed to the Stalwarts were the Half-Breeds, led by __________. |
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| The Republicans chose ___________ as their presidential candidate for the election of 1876. The Democrats chose _________. |
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| Rutherford B. Hayes;Samuel J. Tilden |
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| ________________, passed by Congress in 1877, set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men selected from the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court. |
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| The Electoral Count Act (Compromise of 1877) |
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| _____________________ supposedly guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection. The Supreme Court ended up ruling most of the Act unconstitutional, declaring that the 14thAmendment only prohibited government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals. |
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| The Civil Rights Act of 1875 |
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| Through the ___________ system, small farmers who rented out land from the plantation owners were kept in perpetual debt and forced to continue to work for the owners. |
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| Eventually, state-level legal codes of segregation known as ____________ were enacted. The Southern states also enacted literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll taxes to ensure the denial of voting for the South's black population. |
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Definition
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| The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the South's segregation in the case of ___________, declaring that separate but equal facilities for blacks were legal under the 14th Amendment. |
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Definition
| Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) |
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| Following the panic of 1873 and the resulting depression, _________ workers went on strike after their wages were cut by President Hayes. The strike failed, exposing the weakness of the labor movement. |
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| People of the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic troubles to the hated Chinese workers. To appease them, Congress passed the _______________, halting Chinese immigration into America. |
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Definition
| Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 |
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| _________ won the election of 1880, but was assassinated by ____________ at a Washington railroad station. |
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| Garfield;Charles J. Guiteau |
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| _____________ made campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the ____________ to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examination. |
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| The Pendleton Act of 1883;Civil Service Commission |
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| _________ won the election of 1884. |
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| Cleveland summed up his political philosophy when he _______________ to provide seeds for drought-ravaged Texas farmers, stating that the government should not support the people. |
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| The _____________, introduced to Congress in 1887 and supported by Cleveland, tremendously hurt the nation's factories and the overall economy |
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Definition
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| who won the election of 1888 fought over the tariff issue? |
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| The ____________, named for its lavish spendings, gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government purchases on silver, and passed the __________. |
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| Billion-Dollar Congress;McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 |
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| ________________ raised tariffs yet again and brought more troubles to farmers. Farmers were forced to buy expensive products from American manufacturers while selling their own products into the highly competitive world markets. |
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| The Populists(people's party) demanded inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver. They also called for a ____________; government ownership of the railroads, _________, and telephone; the direct election of U.S. senators; _____________________; the adoption of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens to shape legislation more directly; a shorter workday; and immigration restriction. |
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Definition
| graduated income tax;telegraph; a one-term limit on the presidency |
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| _____________ again ran for the presidency in the election of 1892 and won, beating out the divided Populist Party and the discredited Republican Party. |
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| _____________ was the worst economic downturn for the United States during the 19th Century. It was caused by overbuilding and over-speculation, labor disorders, and the ongoing agricultural depression. |
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| ______________________ was created by the administration of Benjamin Harrison in order to increase the amount of silver in circulation. The drastic rise in silver caused the American people to believe that the less expensive silver was going to replace gold as the main form of currency. The American people therefore began to withdraw their assets in gold, depleting the Treasury's gold supply. Cleveland was forced to repeal this act. |
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Definition
| The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 |
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| Cleveland turned to ____________ to lend $65 million in gold in order to increase the Treasury's reserve. |
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| ____________________ lowered tariffs and contained a 2% tax on incomes over $4,000. The Supreme Court ruled income taxes unconstitutional in 1895. |
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Definition
| The Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 |
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| Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, and Cleveland were known as the "__________________". |
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Definition
| "forgettable presidents." |
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| ___________________ was commissioned by Congress in 1862 to build a transcontinental railroad starting in Omaha, Nebraska. |
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Definition
| The Union Pacific Railroad |
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| Rail-lying at the California end of the railroad was taken up by the _________________ . The 4 chief financial backers of the enterprise (the Big Four) included_________ & ___________. |
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Definition
| Central Pacific Railroad;Leland Stanford and Collis P. Huntington |
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| ______________________ was completed in 1869, increasing trade with Asia and opening up the West for expansion. |
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Definition
| The transcontinental railroad |
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| There was a total of 5 transcontinental railroads built: ______________, running from Lake Superior to Puget Sound, was completed in 1883; _____________, running from Topeka to California, was completed in 1884; ____________, stretching from New Orleans to San Francisco, was also completed in 1884; and ______________ running from Duluth to Seattle, was completed in 1893 by James J. Hill. |
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Definition
| The Northern Pacific Railroad;the Atchison;the Southern Pacific;the Great Northern |
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The railroad was Cornelius Vanderbilt's enterprise.
2 significant improvements benefited the railroads; _________&________. Steel rails were much stronger and safer than the traditional iron rails. |
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Definition
| the steel rail; a standard gauge of track width |
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| The railroad stimulated ______________ of the country in the post-Civil War years. It created an enormous domestic market for American raw materials and manufactured goods. Railroad companies also stimulated ___________. |
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Definition
| the industrialization;immigration |
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| In order to keep schedules and avoid wrecks, the major rail lines stated, on November 18, 1883, that the continent would be divided into ______________. |
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Definition
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| In order to increase the weight of cows, "________" was employed. It entailed forcing a cow to bloat itself with water before it was weighed for sale. This technique enabled railroad stock promoters to inflate their claims about a given line's assets and profitability and sell stocks and bonds in excess of the railroad's actual value. |
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| Railroad companies combined with other companies in order to protect their profits. "_________", agreements to divide the business in a given area and share the profits, were the earliest form of combinations. |
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| Many Midwestern legislatures tried to regulate the railroad monopoly, but in 1886, the Supreme Court ruled in the ___________ that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. |
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| In 1887, Congress passed the _____________. It prohibited rebates and pools, required the railroads to publish their rates openly, forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for a short trip than for a long one over the same line. |
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Definition
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| the __________________ (ICC) to administer and enforce the new legislation. The new laws provided an orderly forum where competing business interests could resolve their conflicts in peaceful ways. The laws tended to stabilize the existing railroad business |
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Definition
| Interstate Commerce Commission |
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| Tycoons like _____________, the steel king; _________, the oil baron; and __________, the bankers' banker, circumvented their competition |
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Definition
| Andrew Carnegie;John D. Rockefeller;J. Pierpont Morgan |
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| . Carnegie used the tactic of "________________" to combine all phases of manufacturing into one organization. He and his business controlled every aspect of production, from mining to marketing. His goal was to improve efficiency. |
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Definition
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| "________________" entailed allying with competitors to monopolize a given market. This tactic of creating trusts was used by Rockefeller |
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Definition
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| The ___________________ allowed for the price of steel to drop dramatically and for its production to be done with relative ease. The process involved blowing cold air on red-hot iron in order to ignite the carbon and eliminate impurities. |
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Definition
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| ______________ was not a monopolist and actually disliked monopolistic trusts. He entered the steel business in the Pittsburgh area and created an organization with about 40 "Pittsburg millionaires." By 1900, he was producing ΒΌ of the nation's Bessemer steel |
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_____________ financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks.
In 1900, Carnegie was eager to sell his holdings of his company. At that time, Morgan was starting to manufacture steel pipe tubing. Carnegie threatened to ruin his rival (Morgan) by invading the same business if Morgan did not buy him out. Finally Morgan agreed to buy out Carnegie for $400 million. |
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Definition
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| Morgan expanded his industrial empire and created the _______________. It was America's first billion-dollar corporation. |
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Definition
| United States Steel Corporation in 1901 |
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| John D. Rockefeller organized the ___________________ in 1870, attempting to eliminate the middlemen and knock out his competitors. By 1877, he controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the nation. |
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Definition
| Standard Oil Company of Ohio |
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| ____________, government controlled by the wealthy, took control of the Constitution. The clause that gave Congress sole jurisdiction over the interstate commerce was a bonus for the monopolists; they used their lawyers to thwart controls by state legislatures. Large trusts also sought safety behind the 14th Amendment, arguing that corporations were actually legal "people." |
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| Hailing to public demand, Congress passed the__________________. The Act forbade combinations in restraint of trade without any distinction between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts. The law proved ineffective because it contained legal loopholes and it made all large trusts suffer, not just bad ones. |
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Definition
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 |
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| _______________ took advantage of the growing tobacco business and formed the American TobaccoCompany in 1890. |
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Definition
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| The "________________" pricing system was economic discrimination against the South in the steel industry. Rich deposits of coal and iron ore were discovered in Birmingham, Alabama. The steel lords of Pittsburgh brought pressure to bear on the compliant railroads. As a result, Birmingham steel was charged a fictional fee, no matter where it was shipped. |
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| The South strived in manufacturing __________________. By 1880, northern capital had created cotton mills in the South. Those who worked the cotton mills were in perpetual debt and were paid extremely low wages. |
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Definition
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| _________ were most affected by the new industrial age |
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Definition
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Term
The Civil War, which put a premium on human labor, gave a boost to labor unions.
________________, organized in 1866, lasted 6 years and attracted 600,000 members. Black workers also formed their own Colored National Labor Union. |
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Definition
| The National Labor Union; |
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Term
After the National Labor Union pretty much died out in 1877, the _________________ took over.
Led by Terence V. Powderly, the Noble and Holy Order of this group was formed in 1869 as a secret society and remained secret until 1881. It sought to include all workers in one big union and campaigned for economic and social reform, including and codes for safety and health. |
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Definition
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| On May 4, 1886 in ___________, Chicago police advanced on a meeting called to protest alleged brutalities by authorities. A dynamite bomb was thrown and killed dozens of people. 8 anarchists were tried and convicted; 5 were sentenced to death while the other 3 were sent to jail. In 1892, the governor of Illinois, John P. Altgeld, pardoned the 3 who were in prison. |
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Definition
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| The _________________ inclusion of only skilled worked drained the Knights of Labor of its participants |
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Definition
| American Federation of Labor's |
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| The _________________ was founded in 1886 and was led by ___________. The federation consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its own independence. It sought for better wages, hours, and working conditions. |
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Definition
| American Federation of Labor;Samuel Gompers |
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| _________ Day was created by Congress in 1894. |
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