Term
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Definition
| The _____ has been defined as a psychological entity consisting of "an organized set of beliefs, feelings, and behaviors." Another way of understanding the _____ is as a complex system made up of a variety of interdependent elements that attain self organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| This example illustrates how individuals vary in their _____-_____ or number of self-aspects, also known as sub-selves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Houck and Spegman describe the _____-_____ as a cognitive construct which is a "descriptive reference to the self, or a definition of the nature and beliefs about the self's qualities." |
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Term
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Definition
| For example, Goffman and Jung draw distinctions between a "_____" _____, or the self that we project during social interaction, and an "_____" _____ that we keep private and that may reflect how we really feel about ourselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another term used frequently when discussing the self is _____-_____, defined as the subjective perception of one's self-worth, or the value one places on the self. |
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Term
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Definition
| "the capacity to exercise choice and initiation" and can occur at either a conscious or a subconscious level |
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Term
| looking glass self, reflected appraisal |
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Definition
| Cooley was the first to advance "the _____ _____ _____" metaphor which describes the impact of interpersonal communication on the development of self. Researchers extended the concept of looking glass self to include the term _____ _____, referring to the tendency to view ourselves based on the appraisals of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| John Bowlby developed _____ _____ in an attempt to explain the strong bond children form with the primary caregiver and the stress which results from separation from one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by intense feelings of intimacy, emotional security, and physical safety when the infant is in the presence of the attachment figure; secure individuals for positive self-perceptions and are able to establish rewarding relationships with others |
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Term
| insecure or anxious avoidant attachment |
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Definition
| relationships often report trauma or neglect from their parents and exhibit significant developmental deficits; anxious avoidant individuals develop negative self-perceptions and often experience difficulty establishing meaningful relationships with others. (poor working model of relationships) |
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Term
| anxious-ambivalent attachment |
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Definition
| result of inconsistent and irregular treatment from parents; individuals experience more developmental delays and are more accident-prone, individuals have difficulty establishing meaningful relationships with others |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ _____ are descriptions, or labels, families assign to its members that affect the way we see and define ourselves. (EXAMPLE: parent says to son-"you are the responsible one" and he internalizes this label/self-description) |
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Term
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Definition
| rules for living and relating to one another in family contexts (EXAMPLE: money does not grow on trees, a family that prays together stays together) |
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Term
| attachment security hypothesis |
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Definition
| The _____ _____ _____, based on Bowlby's work, states that individuals are attracted to and seek out peers and relationship partners that can provide them with a sense of security. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals compare themselves to others in order to determine their abilities, strengths and weaknesses; most individuals have a basic drive to evaluate and compare themselves to those around them |
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Term
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Definition
| Another way that relationships with others affect the development of self is through a phenomenon called _____ _____, or self-fulfilling prophecy. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to the _____ _____, also related to Bowlby's research on attachment theory, we are most attracted to individuals that exhibit an attachment style similar to our own |
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Term
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Definition
| Disagreements between relationship partners that are often directly related to personality issues. This type of conflict is difficult to manage because individuals often cannot change their personalities |
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Term
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Definition
| How individuals communicate in a particular situation or context |
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Term
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Definition
| Identify enduring, or consistent, ways that people behave |
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Term
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Definition
| Because our _____, or predisposition to behave a certain way, is an important and relatively enduring part of how we see and define ourselves, interpersonal communication researchers are naturally interested in learning more about the impact of individual differences on social interaction. |
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Term
| communication apprehension |
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Definition
| Level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons (McCroskey) |
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Term
| willingness to communicate |
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Definition
| Tendency to approach or avoid communication in diverse situations and diverse people (differs from CA because of the emphasis on communication behaviors-either approach or avoid, and not on anxiety or fear). A "personality-based, trait-like predisposition which is relatively consistent across a variety of communication contexts and types of receivers." |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| One of the most effective means of treating high levels of CA is _____ _____ (SD), a type of behavior modification derived from learning theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ _____, also based on the learning theory, is the second method of managing high levels of CA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication _____ _____ might involve taking courses to help individuals learn to communicate more effectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ forms of aggression are those that can potentially damage individual's self-esteem or, to use Infante's words "destroy the locus of attack." |
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Term
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Definition
| Using symbols to express irritability, negativism, resentment, and suspicion |
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Term
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Definition
| Wigley describes _____ _____ as the tendency to attack the self-concept of an individual instead of addressing the other person's arguments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A generally stable trait which predisposes individuals in communication situations to advocate positions on controversial issues and to attack verbally the positions which other people hold on these issues |
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Term
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Definition
| Research on the benefits of argumentativeness in organizational contexts supports the notion of _____-_____, which refers to the extent to which employees can openly express their own opinions at work. |
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Term
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Definition
| The capability to defend your own rights and wishes while still respecting and acknowledging the rights of others |
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Term
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Definition
| Booth Butterfield and Booth-Butterfield developed the concept of _____ _____ and define it as the extent to which people use humor as well as their self-perceived appropriateness of humor production. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ _____ refers to the extent to which individuals are aware of their own emotional states and use them when making behavioral decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as behavioral confirmation- a process in which people act to conform to the expectations of others (EXAMPLE: teacher tells the student, "You will do well on this next exam", and the student excels on the exam) |
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Term
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Definition
| Both of these behaviors are considered _____ forms of aggression because they are more active than passive, help us achieve our communication goals, and do not involve personal attacks. |
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Term
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Definition
| emerges through communication and relationships, is a process that is constantly developing and evolving with ongoing communication with significant others, highly complex and multidimensional, individuals vary in their self-complexity or number of self-aspects, also known as sub-selves, complexity comparison |
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Term
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Definition
| May be less prone to having mood fluctuations, may cope better with stress, may act as a buffer for people by allowing them to mentally separate themselves from painful life events, think about relationships less and were less upset about their relationships ending than individuals lower in self-complexity |
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Term
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Definition
| more likely to experience negative affect in response to a negative life event, may cope poorly with stress, may not be able to separate the limited roles they assume and may experience what researchers call "spill over," may be more likely to fixate on a relationship that ended |
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Term
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Definition
| Importance of Studying the Process of Identity Formation: Assists in understanding _____ we are and _____ we are this way; _____ can help individuals interact more competently |
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Term
| self-concept, self-esteem, self-regulation |
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Definition
| Three constructs of the self that typically emerge in discussions about the self and developmental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| self-concept, self-esteem, and self-regulation are used in dialogues about the self and identity development |
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Term
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Definition
| People may possess multiple perceptions of the self-concept, or different _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| The public self is described as our "_____" self-concept while the inner self is presented as our "_____" self |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychologists note that individuals often project an "actual" self in public that is quite _____ from their true self |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's self-concept influences _____ interaction, and regulates one's involvement in the interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher levels of self-esteem feel more _____ about themselves and their behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceptions of self-esteem can _____ because of significant life experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-esteem is often measured using _____ tests |
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Term
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Definition
| Research indicates that high self-esteem _____ _____ lead to academic and professional success. More recently, researchers point out that occupational and academic success lead to high self-esteem |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-regulation directly affects our communication abilities and the _____ of interpersonal relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relational violence and extra dyadic activity are often linked to _____ in self-regulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The self emerges and develops through communication with those to whom we are _____. |
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Term
| family, peer relationships |
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Definition
| plays a significant role in the development of one's identity |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication with family members affects how we define _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| become more influential than parents in the identity development of adolescents; exerted the greatest influence on occupational and educational identities |
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Term
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Definition
| become more important than parental relationships and tend to influence child-parent relationship expectations; these relationships are preferred because they are more egalitarian in nature than parent-child relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| exerted the greatest influence on one's development |
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Term
| Intimate relationships influence self perceptions |
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Definition
| Married couples tend to look more alike over time; According to the similarity hypothesis, we are most attracted to individuals that exhibit an attachment style similar to our own; Some research indicates that getting married and having children can actually increase an individual's feelings of self-worth |
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Term
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Definition
| All of us, at one time or another, will have to deal with _____ personality types |
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Term
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Definition
| A significant amount of IPC research focuses on the impact of individual differences on social _____ and relationship _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which one individual differs from another |
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Term
| differ, broad, narrow, variables, questionnaires |
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Definition
| Traits are: define ways that people _____, _____ or _____ in focus, address social characteristics or emphasize cognitively-oriented _____, measured using _____ or by observing behaviors |
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Term
| observation, imitation, genetics |
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Definition
| We learn how to communicate by _____ and _____ while others argue _____ explain personality predispositions |
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Term
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Definition
| Approximately one in _____ individuals have high CA (McCroskey) |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ communication evokes stress and psychological discomfort |
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Term
| competent, disclosive, stress, lonely |
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Definition
| High CA individuals are less communicatively _____, less _____, and are more _____ and _____ than low CA. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ and _____ coined the term willingness to communicate (WTC) |
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Term
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Definition
| High CA are more likely to be low in WTC. High CA/Low WTC often experience the "first _____, last _____" phenomenon |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ WTC are typically less likely to get involved with gossip, less likely to whine or complain in organizations and take less long breaks, and more likely to be discreet. |
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Term
| discussions, accomplishments |
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Definition
| Quiet individuals are perceived as less competent and intelligent because they do not contribute to _____ or share with others their _____ |
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Term
| desensitization, modification, training |
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Definition
| High CA can be overcome or managed by systematic _____, cognitive _____, and skills _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| applies force...symbolically in order, minimally to dominate and perhaps damage, or maximally to defeat and perhaps destroy the locus of attack |
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Term
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Definition
| Destructive forms can potentially damage individuals' _____-_____ |
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Term
| hostility, verbal aggression |
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Definition
| types of destructive aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| Couples were less likely to stay together when spouses reported higher levels of _____ and _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ folks tend to be quite unhappy, more depressed and often experience problems in their interpersonal relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| When individuals lack the ability to effectively argue, they often resort to verbally aggressive communication |
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Term
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Definition
| Examples of _____ _____ are competence attacks, background attacks, physical appearance attacks, maledictions, teasing, swearing, ridiculing, threatening, personality attacks, commands, global rejection, negative comparison, and sexual harassment in their attempts to hurt others |
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Term
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Definition
| Social learning or modeling _____ explain why verbally aggressive parents have children that also become verbally aggressive |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ _____ individuals lack the ability to argue effectively, are more likely to become frustrated during arguments, and are more likely to use a variety of antisocial behaviors and, as a result, are less liked |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals who were _____ in verbal aggressiveness were more likely to use a wide range of verbally aggressive messages and less likely than low verbal aggressives to perceive threats, competence attacks, and physical appearance attacks as hurtful |
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Term
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Definition
| Wanzer and her colleagues (1995) found that verbally aggressive individuals are less socially _____ and more likely to target others in humor attempts than to target themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ verbal aggressiveness in order to eliminate these behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Training in _____ is one way to address or treat verbal aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ argumentative individuals are more effective in persuasion as they employ a wider range of persuasion and social influence tactics and tend to be more tenacious, more resistant to comply and develop more counterarguments to persuasive attempts, and viewed as more credible and competent communicators |
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Term
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Definition
| Effective _____ communication occurs when managers and employees are both high in argumentativeness and low in verbal aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| _____-_____ Orientation Scale measures assertiveness and was developed by Richmond and McCroskey |
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