Term
| What are the differences from an Agrarian-Urban society from a foraging society we looked at in chapter 1? |
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Definition
| Agrarian-urban had villages and cities, they were farmers, they had craftspeople, priests/ess, merchants, kings, comfortable houses, places of worship, administrative centers, public archives, taverns, workshops, market. Unlike the foraging which hunter-gathered and had small settlements |
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Term
| What is the fertile cresent? |
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Definition
| A region particularly favored by climate, vegetation, and animal populations |
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Term
| What were the rain patterns that allowed farming in parts of the Middle East that are desert today? |
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Definition
| Monsoon rain patters extended father west than today. Monsoon used to cover middle east from the Mediterranean coast to the Persian gulf |
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Term
| Who were the Natufians? Why do we think their society collapsed? |
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Definition
| A short-lived culture that lived (after ice age) in Jordan and upper eurphates valley. They had small 60 people villages with semicircular homes of stone and posts and thatched, buried dead under floor, they died because there was a near-glacial cold and dry spell called the Younger Dryas that made the animals leave and wild cereal stands to die |
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Term
| What were the innovations of the Neolithic period? |
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Definition
| Polished stone implements (spades and sickles), intro of agriculture, animal domestication, sun-dried bricks, pottery |
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Term
| What is selective breeding? |
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Definition
Plants- gradual weeding out of early-ripening crops and harvested fields where they all ripened at the same time. Also they selectively bred to make the kernels larger wheat and barley
Animals- captured wild sheep and goats and made them accustomed to living with humans in their homes and in their pens |
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Term
| What were the benefits of the spring floods in the Tigris - Euphrates and Nile river valleys? |
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Definition
Trigris Euphrates- floods helped prepare the fields for the growing of smaller crops like chickpeas, pea, lentils, millet, and animal fodder. Also it softened hardened soils and leached them of salt deposits
Nile- Flood coincided with growing season of winter barley and wheat. Silt fertilized the fields every year prior to planting |
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Term
| What were the innovations in agriculture and metallurgy that the people of Uruk are believed to have developed. |
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Definition
| They made the plow (larger harvests), potter’s wheel, and bronze (tin + copper) |
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Term
| What is cuneiform writing? |
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Definition
| Script on clay tablets that use signs denoting objects and sounds from the spoken language, allowed for the first time the recording of history |
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Term
| Who was Sargon and what did he create? |
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Definition
first major king of Akkadia
created the world's first empire bc it streatched from Mesopotamia into Asia Minor and Syria |
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Term
| Who was Hammurabi and what was his code? |
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Definition
Best known king of Babylon
Code of Babylon- Stern and divinely sanctioned law that punished evildoers and rewarded righteous. Very harsh, small crimes are punished with death. |
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Term
| What was the typical class structure of these early kingdoms? |
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Definition
1)ruling class (dynastic families, landowners, priestly families)
2)Merchants and craftspeople (merchants and jewelers on top, tanners on bottom)
3)Slaves and day-laborers and prostitutes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Possible short answer essay question. In what ways were women’s rights better in Egypt than some if the other societies your book mentions? |
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Definition
Other places - women sexual activity limited, roles only in household, were property of husbands
Egypt- some royal women = to men, could have property and had rights to sue and have neat jobs like oh you know |
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Term
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Definition
First female pharoah
build lots of stuff but her dumb son ruined it and made her look like a guy |
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Term
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Definition
| Formalized pictures symbolizing objects and syllables used to represent words |
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Term
| Why were writing and arithmetic important to Egyptians? |
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Definition
| Scribes calculated quanitites of bread, beer, meat rations to be distributed. Timber for shipyards. Flax for linen weaving workshops. Everything got really regulated. Credit system for like futures (delivered pay for later) |
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Term
| The Minoan kingdom on the island of Crete grew in power, what item did they trade? |
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Definition
| Grain, olive oil, wine, honey, pottery, bronze vessels, jewelry (they received obsidian, copper, and tin) |
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Term
| What were the innovations in warfare that the Hittites created? |
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Definition
Used iron in chariot equipment, swords, helmets, and armor
Used chariots and composite bows, new type of conquering policy: they were not regionally confined like the kingdom. |
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Term
| What metal did Hattites develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the battle of Qadesh? |
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Definition
| Egyptians VS hattites at Qadesh, biggest chariot battle ever fought in the middle east. No one won so they coexisted. |
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Term
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Definition
Made of soldiers, mountaineers, herders from northern Greece + Mycenaean
Destroyed the hattite empire
Triggered the Bronze-Age collapse 1200 BCE |
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Term
| How did the Assyrians change warfare? |
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Definition
Used trade to finance large-scale conquests.
Horsemen maybe? Rode on horses and fought with bow and arrow |
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Term
| How did the Assyrians treat the conquered people? |
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Definition
| Forced them contribute soldiers to the infantry, which replenished and multiplied the ranks |
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Term
| What did the Phoenicians trade? Why is their alphabet important? |
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Definition
Special: cedar wood, sea snail that made purple textile dye
Normal: barley, wheat, olive oil, wine, fried fruits, nuts, leather goods, jewelry with their own distinctive designs, ceramics, textiles
Created the letter alphabet where the symbols stood for sounds |
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Term
| The nation of Israel was formed where? |
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Definition
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Term
| From the Jewish old testament who were David and Solomon? |
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Definition
| David (successor to a military leader) was a king in Jerusalem and he completed the liberation against the Philistines Soloman was his son who greatly enlarged the town by making a palace, temple, and admin buildings |
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Term
| From the lecture (or class notes) who was Yahweh? |
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Definition
| God of Jews expected goodness of people or they would be punished |
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Term
| What were the three aspects of the Hebrew (Jewish) religion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was a distinctive difference in the layout of Greek City States? |
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Definition
| Lack of palaces instead they had a sacred precinct in the city’s center for general assemblies |
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Term
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Definition
| A city with surrounding villages (a city-state) |
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Term
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Definition
| Battle stance: block of eight or more rows of soldiers marching forward shoulder to shoulder with each man holding a shield in left hand to guard his guy to the left and lance or pike in right hand |
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Term
| Why was Phalanx formation so effective? |
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Definition
Nearly impossible to break with archers, infanty, or cavalry
Because narrow valleys and defiles
Because also if a man fell the one behind took his place |
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Term
| What is the difference between nauturalism and polytheism? |
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Definition
Nat: experience awe and reverence toward creatures and forces of natural world but no particular dieties
Poly: religions of personified forces in nature, artists depict deities also myths and hyms about relationship between humans and gods |
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Term
| What was Akhenaten's religious beliefs and were they successful? |
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Definition
The sun was the only god to the exclusion of the pantheon
no they were too extreme |
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Term
| What happened to the people of Israel and the surrounding area when they were conquered? |
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Definition
| They had to resettle in other parts of Syria or in Mesopotamia |
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Term
| What were linear A and Linear B script? Which one is deciphered? |
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Definition
Linear A was minoan
Linear B is deciphered and is greek alphabet |
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Term
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Definition
| Egyptian Pharoah in New Kingdom said god was the only sun |
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Term
| What was the island of Thera and what happened 1627BCE? |
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Definition
volcano eruption destroyed a minoan society Akrotiri
maybe impotant bc it traded a lot idk |
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