Term
|
Definition
| mechanisms to transmit the genetic code from one generation to the next |
|
|
Term
| how sexual reproduction works (general details and flow chart) |
|
Definition
-Genes from two individuals are combined in random ways to produce a new individual --> variation and adaptability
-Diploid vs. haploid chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis
-Fertilization – germ cells (gametes) → zygote
-zygote → embryo → fetus through growth and development
[image] |
|
|
Term
| why sexual reproduction leads to differences in the new generation |
|
Definition
| because it leads to variation and adaptability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The X chromosome has ______ genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Y chromosome has ______ genes |
|
Definition
80
including many testis-specific genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell; can be seen on the cell nucleus such as neutrophils
[image]
-the Barr body is the condensed area referenced by the arrow; it is in a neutrophil (white blood cell) in a blood smear |
|
|
Term
| Gonads remain indifferent until day ______ of conception in human fetus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sex-determining Region in the Y chromosome (SRY) |
|
|
Term
| how the SRY gene leads to maleness |
|
Definition
| SRY encodes testis-determining factor (TDF), which determines the gonadal sex of individual. |
|
|
Term
| how testis-determining factor (TDF) determines the gonadal sex of the individual |
|
Definition
-TDF is a transcription factor binding to DNA that enhances other transcription factors
-TDF induces maleness through the formation of testes
-TDF is essential to promote testis formation
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of external and internal reproductive tissue |
|
|
Term
| some components of the testis |
|
Definition
-Seminiferous tubules (day 43-50)
+Germinal cells
+Sertoli cells (nongerminal cells)
-Leydig cells
[image]
[image] |
|
|
Term
| components of Seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
-Germinal cells / germinal epithelium – for spermatogeneisis
-Sertoli cells (nongerminal cells) – secrete inhibin, contain FSH receptors
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| germinal cells within the seminiferous tubules that produce sperm, that is, after they become spermatagonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nongerminal cells within the seminiferous tubules of the testis
-secrete Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH, anti-Mullerian hormone) and inhibin
-contain FSH receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-secrete testosterone to masculinize embryonic structures
-contain LH receptors |
|
|
Term
| In the absence of SRY, the bi-potential gonads develop into... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In female ovaries follicles don't appear until day... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH, anti-Mullerian hormone) |
|
Definition
-In male, MIH secreted from Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules --> regression of the Mullerian ducts
-In female, without MIH, Mullerian ducts developed into uterus & uterine tubes |
|
|
Term
| how Sertoli cells prevent the formation of uterus and uterine tubes |
|
Definition
-In male, MIH secreted from Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules --> regression of the Mullerian ducts
-In female, without MIH, Mullerian ducts developed into uterus & uterine tubes |
|
|
Term
| when testes descend into scrotum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how testosterone contributes to the formation of male sex organs |
|
Definition
-In male, testosterone --> growth and development of the Wolffian ducts into male sex accessory organs (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory duct)
-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) --> development of male external genitalia (penis, scrotum & prostate)
-In female, Wolffian ducts degenerate in the absence of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the effects of hormones and the absence of them in fetal development of sexual organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how testosterone is converted into dihydrotestosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop into uterus & uterine tubes in the absence of Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH, anti-Mullerian hormone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the presence of testosterone, they develop into male sex accessory organs (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory duct) |
|
|
Term
| role of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in determining the phenotypic sex |
|
Definition
| Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) --> development of male external genitalia (penis, scrotum & prostate) |
|
|
Term
| Female sex accessory organs develop as a result of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the male and female external genitalia are the same |
|
Definition
| the 1st 6 weeks of gestation |
|
|
Term
| some homologous structures between male and female external genitalia |
|
Definition
-Glans penis (♂) <--> glans clitoris (♀)
-Scrotum (♂) <--> labia majora (♀) |
|
|
Term
| True hermaphroditism and what causes it |
|
Definition
-Presence of both ovary and testis, both of them are not typical gonads
-Defects in Y --> TDF in some cells due to the influence of Y being not strong enough |
|
|
Term
| Female pseudohermaphroditism and what causes it |
|
Definition
-Congenital adrenal hyperplasia --> ↑ androgen production --> male genitalia
-No MIF --> maintains female internal genitalia (uterus and oviduct)
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Male pseudohermaphroditism and what causes it |
|
Definition
-type 1: Testicular feminization syndrome
+No androgen R’ --> (+) female external genitalia, vagina ends blindly (“+” MIH)
-type 2: Lack of 5alpha-reductase to convert T into DHT --> (+) internal, ambiguous external ♂ genitalia
[image]
[image] |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of the hypothalamus in the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) into hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels
[image] |
|
|
Term
| the role of the anterior pituitary gonadotropes in the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis |
|
Definition
Anterior pituitary gonadotropes secrete gonadotropins (FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone) in pulsatile fashion to prevent desensitization and down regulation of receptors
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Effects of LH and FSH on gonads |
|
Definition
-↑ Spermatogenesis and oogenesis
-↑ Secretion of gonadal hormones
-Maintenance of gonadal structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
important for the maintenance of gonadal structure
-examples: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
|
Term
| what the gonads secrete in males |
|
Definition
| sex steroids – androgens, mainly testosterone |
|
|
Term
| what the gonads secrete in females |
|
Definition
| sex steroids – estrogens (mainly estradiol, E2) and progestogens (mainly progesterone, P4) |
|
|
Term
| what the gonads secrete in both males and females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| meaning of the word estrogen |
|
Definition
-"gen": a hormone, a substance
-"Estro": means that induces a female to have heat, or to have sexual drive |
|
|
Term
| the negative feedback caused by sex steroids and inhibin |
|
Definition
-Sex steroids → ↓ LH & ↓ FSH
-Inhibin → ↓ FSH selectively
[image] |
|
|
Term
| The onset of puberty is mainly because of... |
|
Definition
| a change of hormonal secretion |
|
|
Term
| the secretion of gonadal steroids before puberty |
|
Definition
-secretion of gonadal steroids ↓↓↓
-FSH & LH secretion – high in newborn, fall to low levels in few weeks; undetectable before puberty |
|
|
Term
| how puberty is initiated in humans and primates |
|
Definition
-(Humans & primates) mainly at the brain level – brain maturational changes of GnRH neurons (↓ GABA inhibition; ↑ glutamate stimulation)
-↑ Pulsatile GnRH secretion (frequency & amplitude) --> ↑ pulsatile LH & FSH secretions (esp. during sleep) --> ↑ pulsatile sex steroid secretion --> produce secondary sexual characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in frequency, and also an increase in amplitude |
|
|
Term
| Age of puberty onset in females is related to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how age of puberty onset in females is related to the % of body fat |
|
Definition
-Leptin secretion from adipocytes is required for puberty
-More active, slimmer girls begin puberty later
-Too much exercise may inhibit GnRH secretion |
|
|
Term
| why age of puberty onset in females is related to the % of body fat |
|
Definition
| because leptin, which is secreted by adipose tissue, affects reproductive activities |
|
|
Term
| Functions of sex steroids after puberty |
|
Definition
-Stimulation of spermatogenesis or oogenesis
-Secondary sexual characteristics |
|
|
Term
| secondary sex characteristics in girls |
|
Definition
| growth spurt, breast development, menarche (first menstrual flow) |
|
|
Term
| secondary sex characteristics in boys |
|
Definition
| occurs about 2-2.5 years later; body, muscle, penis, and testis growth |
|
|
Term
| secondary sex characteristics in both sexes |
|
Definition
| body hair is stimulated by androgens from testes in males and adrenal cortex in females at puberty |
|
|
Term
| what Sertoli cells do to sperm |
|
Definition
they wrap different stage of sperms together with their cytoplasms, the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Production of testosterone (endocrine)
-Production of sperms (spermatogenesis) |
|
|
Term
| anabolic effects of testosterone |
|
Definition
Initiation and maintenance of body changes in puberty
Stimulates growth of muscles, larynx, & bone (until epiphyseal discs sealing)
Erythropoiesis – ↑ RBC production |
|
|
Term
| behavior effects of testosterone |
|
Definition
| sexual behavior & others, such as aggressiveness |
|
|
Term
| some details about Production of sperms (spermatogenesis) |
|
Definition
-Stimulated by testosterone (T) & FSH
-T for meiosis and early stage of sperm maturation; FSH for later stage of spermatid maturation
-FSH-FSH R’ on Sertoli cells --> ↑ LH R’ on Leydig cells --> ↑ responsiveness to LH --> ↑ T production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that makes a person male-like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 hormones that regulate spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the roles of testosterone and FSH in spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
-T for meiosis and early stage of sperm maturation
-FSH for later stage of spermatid maturation |
|
|
Term
| what R' means in physiology |
|
Definition
receptor
example: FSH-FSH R’ means FSH-FSH receptor complex |
|
|
Term
| how the anterior pituitary controls the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial (Leydig) cells with FSH and LH, respectively |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process to produce spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most primitive sperm cell attached to the basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| the process of spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
1: Spermatogonia – proliferate by mitosis
2: Each primary spermatocytes undergoes meiosis; the 1st meiotic division --> 2 secondary spermatocytes and the 2nd meiotic division --> 4 spermatids
-Spermiogenesis, where spermatids mature to spermatozoa, then get phagocytized by Sertoli cells to eliminate cytoplasm
[image] |
|
|
Term
| the process of spermiogenesis |
|
Definition
Spermiogenesis
Maturation of spermatozoa from spermatids
Phagocytosis of cytoplasm by the Sertoli cells – cytoplasm is eliminated
[image] |
|
|
Term
| what a mature sperm looks like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of Sertoli Cells |
|
Definition
-Form blood-testes barrier:
-FSH + FSH R’ on Sertoli cells secrete inhibin
-Phagocytize residual bodies for maturation of spermatozoa
-Secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP) |
|
|
Term
| the junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Sertoli cells must form the bolld-testis barrier |
|
Definition
to prevent autoimmune destruction of sperm
produce FAS ligand --> binds to the FAS R’ on T cells --> apoptosis of T cells --> prevents immune attack |
|
|
Term
| androgen-binding protein (ABP) |
|
Definition
-secreted by Sertoli cells
-Binds to testosterone and concentrates testosterone in the tubules |
|
|
Term
| how the Sertoli cells are arranged around the seminiferous tubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epididymis (plural – epididymides) |
|
Definition
-A site for maturation and storage of sperm
-Gains motility and resistance to pH and temperature changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carries sperm from epididymis into pelvic cavity
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Secrete fluid called seminal plasma (45-80% of semen) containing fructose
-Secrete prostaglandins
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretes alkaline fluid (15-30% of semen) rich in acid phosphatase, citric acid, Ca2+
-important either as nutrients for the sperms or for the contraction of smooth muscle along the female reproductive tract
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spermatozoa with fluids from seminal vesicles and prostate gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-secreted by the seminal vesicle
-45%-80% of semen |
|
|
Term
| the energy source for sperm |
|
Definition
fructose
-supplied by the seminal fluid from the seminal vesicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-not secreted by prostate gland
-mainly secreted by seminal vesicles
-help the contraction of smooth muscle in the female reproductive tract to help propulsing sperm from vagina through uterus into oviduct or fallopian tube for fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spermatozoa from seminiferous tubule plus fluids from seminal glands and prostate gland and minorly from bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Controlled by cerebrum, hypothalamus and sacral region of spinal cord
-Parasympathetic stimulation of erectile tissues
+Vasodilation of arterioles, blood flow into the erectile tissues of the penis
+Partial occlusion of venous outflow
+NO as the neurotransmitter activates guanlyate cyclase → ↑ cGMP → closure of Ca2+ channels → vascular smooth m. relaxation → vasodilation → erection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of semen into urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sympathetic stimulation → peristaltic contraction of the tubular system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viagra etc. inhibit phosphodiesterase → ↓ breakdown of cGMP → promote erection |
|
|
Term
| how ejaculation is caused |
|
Definition
| -Sympathetic stimulation → contraction of testes, seminal vesicles, prostate & tubular smooth muscles
-Normal volume - 1.5 ~ 5 ml, 60-150 x 106 sperm/ml ejaculate; < 20 x 106 sperm/ml is oligospermia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when the sperm count is lower than 20 million per cc of the semen
-normal is between 60 to 150 million sperm cells per cc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follicles contain ova, corpus luteum (CL)
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
horn, body and cervix, endometrium
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
uterine tube, fallopian tube
[image] |
|
|
Term
| components of Vagina and external genitalia |
|
Definition
Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, hymen
[image] |
|
|
Term
| the numbers of oocytes a female has at ages 5 mints to puberty |
|
Definition
| -5 months gestation – 6 - 7 x106 oogonia
-At late gestation – first meiosis (not complete) --> primary oocytes (diploid)
-At birth – 2 x 106 primary oocytes
-At puberty – 300K – 400K primary oocytes
[image] |
|
|
Term
| where in the oviduct fertilization occurs |
|
Definition
ampulla aka fallopian tube
[image] |
|
|
Term
| where the egg goes after it gets fertilized |
|
Definition
develops into embryo, then moves from the lumen of the fallopian tube to the lumen of the uterus (uterine body in humans)
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mucosa and submucosa layer together; this is the mucous membrane of the uterus, the thickness and structure of which vary with the phases of the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most primitive form of oocyte |
|
|
Term
| the process of folliculogenesis and oogenesis |
|
Definition
-Primary follicles contain primary oocytes
-Develop into secondary follicles
+Appearance of vesicles containing fluid
-Mature into graafian follicle
+Fusion of its vesicles to form the antrum
+1st meiotic division completed (secondary oocyte)
+Proliferation of granulosa cells and cumulus cells (corona radiate & cumulus oophorus)
+LH stimulates one graafian follicle --> ovulation; others --> atresia
[image]
[image] |
|
|
Term
| how oogenesis occurs after the formation of a graafian follicle |
|
Definition
-Fusion of its vesicles to form the antrum
-1st meiotic division completed (secondary oocyte)
-Proliferation of granulosa cells and cumulus cells (corona radiate & cumulus oophorus)
-LH stimulates one graafian follicle --> ovulation; others --> atresia
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine control of ovulation |
|
Definition
-Growth of follicles – FSH
-Stimulation of ovulation – LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the one compartment formed by the fusion of 2 secondary follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| other graafian follicles undergoing regression |
|
|
Term
| chart of everything that happens in the menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens at the beginning of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? (ovarian aspect) |
|
Definition
At the beginning of the phase – ↑ pituitary FSH → ↑ in FSH R’ on granulosa cells → follicles more sensitive to FSH → ↑ # of granulosa cells
[image] |
|
|
Term
| what happens during mid-phase of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? (ovarian aspect) |
|
Definition
| During the mid-phase → granulosa cells produce estrogen (main form – estradiol E2) → ↑ E2 secretion to follicular fluid and blood
[image] |
|
|
Term
| what happens toward the end of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? (ovarian aspect) |
|
Definition
| -FSH + E2 → ↑ LH R’ on granulosa cells of graafian follicle
-Rapid ↑ in E2 from granulosa cells → ↑ frequency of hypothalamic GnRH pulses → ↑ LH secretion
[image] |
|
|
Term
| what happens at the E2 peak of the menstrual cycle? (ovarian aspect) |
|
Definition
| -E2 peak → positive feedback of E2 → LH surge (D13)
-Ovulatory phase (D14)
+LH surge → ↑ accumulation of follicular fluid; degradation of follicular wall → ruptures of graafian follicle (D14) → ovulation
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| D15 to D28
-accompanied by negative feedback of progesterone, P4 & E2
[image] |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle? (ovarian aspect) |
|
Definition
| -negative feedback of progesterone, P4 & E2
-LH → formation of corpus luteum (CL) from the empty follicle → luteal cells of CL secretes progesterone (P4)
-P4 exerts negative feedback on secretion of LH and FSH
-CL also secretes E2 → potentiates negative feedback of P4 on secretion of LH and FSH
-CL secretes inhibin → ↓ FSH secretion
-~D23 – if no fertilization → CL regresses (luteolysis) → ↓ P4 → menstruation
[image] |
|
|
Term
| what the phrase corpus luteum means |
|
Definition
"yellow body"
-corpus means body
-luteum means yellow |
|
|
Term
| what the word progesterone means |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lysis of the corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| Menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle? (uterine aspect) |
|
Definition
| -Corresponds to early follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
-↓ in P4 from regressed CL of the late luteal phase --> menstruation (D1)
-Ovaries contain only primary follicles --> E2 and P4 are at their lowest
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle? (uterine aspect) |
|
Definition
| -Corresponds to mid to late follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
-↑ in E2 secretion --> stimulates proliferation of endometrium
-↑ in E2 secretion --> ↑ endometrial P4 R’, preparing for next phase
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the endometrium starts sloughing off on day 1 of the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| Secretory phase of the menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle? (uterine aspect) |
|
Definition
| -Corresponds to luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
-↑ in P4 secretion → stimulates development of uterine glands
-E2 and P4 → stimulates secretions from uterine glands (uterine milk) → prepare to nourish an embryo
-Luteolysis (regressed CL) occurs if no fertilization → ↓ P4 secretion → necrosis and sloughing of endometrium → menstruation (D1 of next cycle)
[image] |
|
|
Term
| some types of contraception |
|
Definition
-contraceptive pills, such as 3-week pills
-Norplant
-rhythm methods
-RU486 (Mifepristone) – morning after & medical abortion
-Essure
-Male contraception (vasectomy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| their synthetic estrogen and progesterone (P4) mimic luteal phase → negative feedback on gonadotropin secretion → no ovulation
-this is a 3 week pill that permits 1 week for menstruation to occur
-underlying principle: without LH surge, there's no ovulation |
|
|
Term
| contraceptive pills usually contain... |
|
Definition
| synthetic estrogen and progesterone (P4) |
|
|
Term
| how contraceptive pills work |
|
Definition
| their synthetic estrogen and progesterone (P4) mimic luteal phase → negative feedback on gonadotropin secretion → no ovulation
-this is a 3 week pill that permits 1 week for menstruation to occur
-underlying principle: without LH surge, there's no ovulation |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of contraceptive pills |
|
Definition
-↓ Risk of osteoporosis & cardiovascular (CV) diseases
-↓ Risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer, but may increase the risk for breast & cervical cancers
-Prevent pregnancy at a higher success rate
-Reduce cramping |
|
|
Term
| how contraceptives reduce cramping |
|
Definition
| by making that smooth muscle more calm and more quiescent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subcutaneous delivery without passing to liver first, effective up to 5 years, |
|
|
Term
| the rhythm method of contraception, how it's done, and the principles behind it |
|
Definition
| -Women measure oral basal body temperature upon awakening daily
-Preovulatory stage E2 high → b.t. moderately high
-The day of LH surge → E2, P4 low → b. t. lowest
-Luteal phase - high P4 → b. t. high
-No conception if coitus occurs 6 D before or 1 D after ovulation
[image]
[image] |
|
|
Term
| how oral temperature varies during the menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RU486 (Mifepristone) form of contraception |
|
Definition
-morning after & medical abortion
-plan B
-P4 antagonist occupies P4 R’, preventing the progesterone from stimulating the release of uterine milk; this makes the embryo starve to death |
|
|
Term
| Essure form of contraception |
|
Definition
| inserts are placed into the fallopian tubes by a catheter → induce benign fibrotic reaction → barrier formed prevents sperm from reaching an oocyte |
|
|
Term
| Male contraception (vasectomy) |
|
Definition
-disconnect vas deferens
-spermatogenesis continues, crypts present sites for immune reactions, develops anti-sperm Ab, but not autoimmune against testis
[image] |
|
|
Term
| menopause, general details |
|
Definition
| -Age ~ 50 years, give or take 3 years
-Cessation of ovarian activity and menstruation
-Ovaries are depleted of follicles
-Menopause – ↑ FSH and ↑ LH, because of no E2, P4, inhibin secretion (negative feedback loop)
-E2 and inhibin withdrawal ↑ hot flashes, and atrophy of the vaginal wall
-↑ risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases because estrogen has a protective effect against cardiovascular disorders
-↑ risk of osteoporosis because estrogen provides bone deposition ability and decreased bone resorption |
|
|
Term
| the phases of the human sexual response |
|
Definition
-Excitation phase (arousal)
-Plateau phase
-Orgasm phase
-Resolution phase
-Refractory period |
|
|
Term
| what happens during the Excitation phase (arousal) of the human sexual response? |
|
Definition
-Myotonia – increases muscle tone
-Vasocongestion – engorgement of sexual organ (nipples, clitoris, penis, labia minora); vaginal secretion --> lubrication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| engorgement of sexual organ (nipples, clitoris, penis, labia minora); vaginal secretion --> lubrication |
|
|
Term
| what happens during the plateau phase of the human sexual response? |
|
Definition
| engorgement of areolae (part of mammary gland), labia minora & vagina |
|
|
Term
| what happens during the orgasm phase of the human sexual response? |
|
Definition
-last for a few seconds
-Men ejaculate & women have analogous contractions of uterus & vagina (equivalent to contraction that accompany ejaculation in male) |
|
|
Term
| what happens during the resolution phase of the human sexual response? |
|
Definition
| return to pre-excitation stage |
|
|
Term
| what happens during the refractory period of the human sexual response? |
|
Definition
-Occurs in male only; erection possible, but ejaculation not possible
-Females are capable of multiple orgasms |
|
|
Term
| Ejaculate ______ sperms, only ______ reach (uterine) fallopian tube |
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Definition
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Term
| things that happen during the fertilization process |
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Definition
1: Capacitation of sperm
2: Fertilization occurs in fallopian tube
3: Acrosomal reaction
4: Hardening of zona pellucida
5: Completion of second meiosis in secondary oocyte |
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Term
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Definition
Ejaculated sperms are infertile until in the female reproductive tract for > 7 hr
-this is when sperm become fertile |
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Term
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Definition
-the cap (acrosome) disintegrates
-Trypsin-like enzymes in acrosome create pore on zona pellucida for sperm penetration
[image] |
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Term
| why the zona pellucida hardens after fertilization |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-3 D for sperm
-<1 D for oocyte |
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Term
| how sperm are capacitated in IVF |
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Definition
| by the use of heparin or other compaunds |
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Term
| how the embryo grows after fertilization |
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Definition
1: Cleavage of zygote – 36 hr after fertilization
2: Morula – >16-cell stage, 50~60 hr
3: embryo forms blastocyst – D4
[image] |
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Term
| components of the blastocyst |
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Definition
-Inner cell mass – fetus
-Trophoblasts – form placenta
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
->16-cell stage
-50~60 hr
-the embryo moves from the lumen of oviduct into the lumen of uterus
[image] |
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Term
| the placenta is composed of... |
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Definition
| two type of cells, one from fetus, the other one from maternal site |
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Term
| Functions of trophoblasts |
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Definition
-forms fetal portion of placenta
-D5~6 after fertilization – 10th wk of pregnancy
-Secretion of hCG (LH-like) --> maintains corpus luteum (CL) --> prevent menstruation |
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Term
| how the trophoblast signals the presence of embryo |
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Definition
Secretion of hCG (LH-like) --> maintains corpus luteum (CL) --> prevent menstruation
-HGC gets into the mother's blood to signal presence of embryo
-recall that the corpus luteum secretes progesterone, leading to the production of uterine milk so the embryo can survive before placentation occurs
[image] |
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Term
| some pregnancy tests that can be used to determine pregnancy |
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Definition
-hCG – earliest detection 6-12 D
-Early pregnancy factor – 48 hr |
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