Term
| What does the HIV infection infect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the HIv virus do after infecting the cells? What occurs after this? |
|
Definition
-releases RNA into host cell
-reverse transcriptase |
|
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Term
| What is reverse transcriptase? |
|
Definition
| viral enzyme makes viral DNA from RNA |
|
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Term
| What are two things that occur as a result of this? |
|
Definition
-nucleoside analogies
-nonnucleoside analogies |
|
|
Term
| What do nucleoside analogies do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do nonnucleoside analogies do? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| matures virus so it can inhibit other cells |
|
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Term
| What does antiretroviral therapy for HIV do? |
|
Definition
| aims to reduce viral load of HIV |
|
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Term
| WHat happens to the HIV virus after the RNA is released into the host cell? |
|
Definition
-Viral DNA enter nucleus
-integrase occurs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| viral enzyme outs viral DNA into host (T) cell DNA |
|
|
Term
| What occurs as a result of integrase? |
|
Definition
| permanent insertion, cannot kill virus without killing cell |
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|
Term
| What happens after integrase? |
|
Definition
| cell produces viral particles which leave the cell to infect other cells |
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Term
| Does antiretroviral therapy and anti-HIV medications work the same? |
|
Definition
| no, they have different mechanisms |
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|
Term
| How do reverse transcriptase inhibitors work? |
|
Definition
| insert into HIV DNA to block it |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 categories of reverse transcriptase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
-nucleoside analogues(block DNA chain directly)
-nonnucleoside analogues(inhibit enzyme directly) |
|
|
Term
| What is a drug example of nucleoside analogues? |
|
Definition
-zidovudine(AZT, Retrovir)
-tenofovir(Viread) |
|
|
Term
| What is a drug example of nonnucleoside analogues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do intregrase inhibitors do? |
|
Definition
| competitive inhibitor that blocks HIV DNA from inserting into host genome |
|
|
Term
| Are intregrase inhibitors used for everyone with HIV? |
|
Definition
| no, it is reserved for people with the more resistant forms |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an intregrase inhibitor? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How do protease inhibitors work? |
|
Definition
| work in the viral particle to clear viruses in bloodstream to prevent them from entering new cells |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of protease inhibitors? |
|
Definition
1.Indinavir (Crixivan®)
2.Ritonavir (Norvir®)
3.Atazanavir (Reyataz®)
4.Darunavir (Prezista®) |
|
|
Term
| How do fusion inhibitors work? Example |
|
Definition
prevents mature virus particles from getting into cells
enfuvirtide- Fuzeon® |
|
|
Term
| What does HAART therapy stand for? |
|
Definition
Highly
Active
Antiretroviral
Therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a triple coctail
-combination of 3 drugs in at least 2 classes of antiretroviral medications |
|
|
Term
| What does HAART therapy aim to do? |
|
Definition
| reduce the viral load below detectable limits, helps prevent development of resistance in HIV |
|
|
Term
| When someone is on HAART therapy are they always on multiple pills? |
|
Definition
| no, sometimes multiple medications are put together into one pill |
|
|
Term
| What is Truvada® a combination of? |
|
Definition
2 RT inhibitors-
emtricitabine + tenofovir |
|
|
Term
| What is Epzicom® a combination of? |
|
Definition
combination of 2 RT inhibitors-
lamivudine + abacavir |
|
|
Term
| What is Kaletra® a combination of? |
|
Definition
| combination of 2 protease inhibitors- ritonavir + lopinavir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
combination of 3 RT inhibitors-
emtricitabine, tenofovir, and efavirenz |
|
|
Term
| What are some drug interactions seen with antiretrovirals? |
|
Definition
-aspirin
-acetaminophen
-NSAIDS
-Antibiotics
-Local anesthetics
-Etc. |
|
|
Term
| What are some adverse reaction of antiretrovirals? |
|
Definition
-bone marrow suppression
-nausea/vomiting
-dizziness
-paresthesias
-vision effects
-skin reactions
-Etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial infection contracted by inhalation |
|
|
Term
| How long ca TB remain latent? How many latent infections develop active? |
|
Definition
-can be latent for years
-1/10 latent develop active |
|
|
Term
| What is the mortality rate for untreated active TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-through skin test or chest X-ray
-blood test has been developed |
|
|
Term
| is drug resistance seen with TB? |
|
Definition
| yes, many strains have drug resistance |
|
|
Term
| What is nonresistant latent TB infection treated with? For how long? |
|
Definition
-Isoniazid (INH)
-9 months |
|
|
Term
| What is suspected resistant latent TB infection treated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 phases of treatment with active TB? How long is each phase? |
|
Definition
-initial phase(2 months)
-continuation phase(4-7 months) |
|
|
Term
| What medications are taken in the initial phase? |
|
Definition
| INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol |
|
|
Term
| What medication combination is taken in the continuation phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can isoniazid drugs cause? |
|
Definition
| hepatitis, this risk is increased with alcohol and acetaminophen |
|
|
Term
| What saliva changes does rifampin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does rifampin do to the CYP 450 enzymes? |
|
Definition
| induces them, increases rate of metabolism for many drugs |
|
|
Term
| TB drugs often interact with what kind of drugs? |
|
Definition
| HIV drugs, HIV patients are more susceptible to TB infection due to being immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
| What are HIV patients more likely to have? |
|
Definition
| opportunistic infections due to a weak immune system |
|
|
Term
| Should pts with active TB go to the dentist? |
|
Definition
| NO, wait until 2 months into treatment |
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