Term
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Definition
| Tough, fibrous, double walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of pericardial fluid? |
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Definition
| To ensure fluid movement of the heart muscle. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the myocardium? |
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Definition
| It's the muscular wall of the heart and does the pumping. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the endocardium? |
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Definition
| lines the inner surface of the heart chambers. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the valves in the heart? |
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Definition
| To prevent the Backflow of blood. |
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Term
| How many valves are in the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the tricuspid valve located? |
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Definition
| Between the right atria the right ventricle. |
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Term
| What are the two atrioventricular valves? |
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Definition
| Tricuspid and mitral valve |
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Term
| Describe the location of the semi lunar valves? |
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Definition
| Between the ventricles and the main arteries. (aorta, pulmonary artery) |
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Term
| How many leaves do the semi lunar valves have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the purpose of the av valves during systole? |
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Definition
| to prevent blood flow into the atria. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the AV valves during diastole? |
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Definition
| Remain open and to fill with blood. |
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Term
| Which part of the cardiac cycle takes two thirds of the time? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which part of the cardiac cycle takes one third of the time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the AV valves and the ventricles in diastole? |
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Definition
| Ventricles are relaxed and valves are open. |
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Term
| Define proto-diastolic filling? |
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Definition
| The first passive filling phase. |
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Term
| Define atrial kick, (Presystole)? |
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Definition
| Atria contract and push blood into the ventricles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mitral and tricuspid valves (AV) closes area |
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Term
|
Definition
| Closure of pulmonic and aortic valves (semi lunar). |
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Term
| Which side of the heart is faster, right or left? |
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Definition
| The right side of the heart is much slower than the left side. |
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Term
| What heart sound signals systole? |
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Definition
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Term
| What heart sound signals the end of systole? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Aortic valve closes faster than |
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Term
| when does a split S2 sound occur? |
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Definition
| It occurs during the end of inspiration. |
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Term
| Where is the place a split S2 sound occurs? |
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Definition
| Pulmonic area second left intercostal. |
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Term
| Describe a split S2 during inspiration and expiration? |
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Definition
| It begins with inspiration and fades out with expiration. |
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Term
| What does inspiration do to intrathoracic pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does respiration affect the volume on the right and left sides of the heart? |
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Definition
| Volume goes more to the right heart and less to the left. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Usually diastole is silent but if the ventricles are resistant to filling then vibrations are audible. |
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Term
| what is the difference in location between the s3 and split s2 heart sounds? |
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Definition
| s3 is ually apex or left lower sternal border, split s2 is base |
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Term
| What age group is the s3 sound normally found in? |
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Definition
| children and young adults up to 40 years sometimes |
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Term
| What age group is the s3 sound abnormal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the S4 heart sound? |
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Definition
| Atria contract and push blood into a non-compliant ventricle. |
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Term
| When does the S4 heart sound occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A murmur is gentle blowing sound you heard on the chest wall. |
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Term
| Where is the apical pulse located? |
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Definition
| Fith intercostal space 7 to 9 cm from the midsternal line. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of superior and inferior vena cava? I.e. What does it do? |
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Definition
| To return unoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart. |
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Term
| What is the function of the pulmonary veins? |
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Definition
| To return fresh blood to the left side of the heart. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery? |
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Definition
| To carry venous blood to the lungs. |
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Term
| In the resting adult how much blood is pumped in liters per minute? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the formula for cardiac output? |
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Definition
| CO = SV x R, stroke volume x rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Venous return that builds during diastole, the length to which the regular muscle is stretched just before you read. |
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Term
| Define the Frank starling law? |
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Definition
| The greater the stretch the stronger the heart contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The opposing pressure the ventricles must generate to open the aortic valve against the higher aortic pressure. |
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Term
| What is the function of the jugular veins? |
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Definition
| Two empty used blood into the vena cava. |
|
|
Term
| what age does a heart begin to function? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the location of the foramen ovale? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How much blood does the formaen ovale shunt, where does it send blood to? |
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Definition
| Two thirds. To the aorta to the rest of the body. |
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Term
| How much blood does the ductus arteriosus shunt? Where does it send blood to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the ductus areteriosus located? |
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Definition
| Pulmonary artery and aorta. |
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Term
| When does the formaen ovale close? Why? |
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Definition
| Within the first hour due to new pressure in the right-sided heart that on the left side. |
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Term
| When does the ducuts areteriosus close? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In infants, describe the heart position, apex, which intercostal space is the heart located in? |
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Definition
| Fourth intercostal space, apex is higher, more horizontal. |
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Term
| When does the heart reached the adult position? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In pregnancy in what trimester does blood volume increased by 30 to 40%? |
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Definition
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Term
| Despite the increase in blood volume during the second trimester why blood pressure decrease in pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Peripheral dilatationwhat trimester has the lowest blood pressure? Second trimester. |
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Term
| Between the ages 20 and 60 how much does systolic pressure increase? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| between the ages of 60 and 80 years how much does systolic blood pressure increase? Why? |
|
Definition
| 20mm Hg, calcification of the vessel walls. |
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|
Term
| Does the overall size of the heart increase with age? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there any significant change in diastolic pressure with age? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there any change in resting heart rate with age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there a decreased maximum heart rate with exercise with age? |
|
Definition
| Decreased ability to augment cardiac output due to age. |
|
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Term
| Describe the PR interval, the QRS interval, the QT interval with age? |
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Definition
| PR interval, QT interval increase. QRS no change. |
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Term
| A BMI 25 KG/m2 would be considered? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Define paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea? |
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Definition
| Heart failure, lying down in Increases volume of intrathoracic blood.Wakes up after two hours. Needs choose one. |
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Term
| Define carotid sinus hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| Condition in which pressure over the carotid sinus leads to a restart rate blood pressure and may cause syncope. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A blowing, swishy sound indicating turbulence of blood flow. |
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Term
| If you hear a carotid bruit, how much of the lumen has been occluded? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How much does the lumen need to be occluded to no longer hear a bruit? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Define heaving or lifting? |
|
Definition
| Sustained forceful thrusting of the ventricle during systole. |
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|
Term
| What causes heaving or lifting? |
|
Definition
| Regular hypertrophy as a result of increased work load. |
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|
Term
| How does left ventricular dilation affect the apical impulse and intercostal space? |
|
Definition
| Displaces it down to the left and increases the size by more than one space. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differences between the apical pulse and the radial pulse. |
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|
Term
| What causes the S1 sound? |
|
Definition
| Closure of the AV valves ( mitral and tricuspid) |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal heart rate directly after birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a stable heart rate for a baby? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart rate for a baby while sleeping? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a fixed split S2 indicate in a baby? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can you not trust clubbing in an infant? |
|
Definition
| Will not show until one year even with severe cyanosis. |
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|
Term
| Your hear a turbulent blood flow in the jugular venous system in a child, what is the significance? |
|
Definition
| This is a venous hum, no pathologic significance. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the heart rate changes in a pregnant woman? |
|
Definition
| usually increases 10-15 beats per minute |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of a s3 sound in someone who is 35 years or older? |
|
Definition
| Always assoicated with heart failure. |
|
|
Term
| Define a patent ductus arteriosus? |
|
Definition
| Open between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. |
|
|
Term
| What a subjective manifestation of a PDA? |
|
Definition
| Usually no symptoms in early childhood. |
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|
Term
| Wide pulse pressure in blood pressure and bounding peripheral pulses, machinelike murmur? |
|
Definition
| Patent ductus arteriosus. |
|
|
Term
| Define atrial septal defect? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal open between the atria. |
|
|
Term
| What are the subjective symptoms of ASD in child and adult? |
|
Definition
| Rare in infants. Children and adults you have mild fatigue and DOE. |
|
|
Term
| You hear a sternal lift, s2 fixed split, medium pitch, best heard at the base at the second left interspace. What is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define ventricular septal defect? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal opening between the ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| What are the subjective symptoms of VSD? |
|
Definition
| Slow weight gain, pale, feeding problems, frequent respiratory infections. |
|
|
Term
| Loud, harsh, holosystolic murmur best heard at the left lower sternal border? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four malformations in Tetraology of Fallot? |
|
Definition
| Right ventricular stenosis, VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta. |
|
|
Term
| What is a pathophysiology of TOF? I.e. what happens with all the blood? |
|
Definition
| All of blood does into the pulmonary system and never gets oxygenated. |
|
|
Term
| Cyanosis with crying and exertion then at rest, DOE common, uses squatting posture after walking, slow development. What is this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define coarcation of the aorta? |
|
Definition
| Severe narrowing of descending aorta. |
|
|
Term
| What is the end result of coarctation of the aorta? |
|
Definition
| Left ventricle has to work harder. |
|
|
Term
| Upper extremity hypertension greater than 20 over lower extremities, absent femoral pulses? |
|
Definition
| Coractation of the aorta. |
|
|
Term
| what trimester has the lowest blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the S2 sounds? |
|
Definition
| Closure of the semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic valves). |
|
|
Term
| When does the S4 sound occur and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| S4 occurs at the end of diastole, at presystole, when atria contract and push blood into a noncompliant ventricle. |
|
|
Term
| When does an S3 sound occur and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| It occurs during early rapid filling (protodiastole) right after S2 when AV valves open and blood first pours into ventricles. |
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