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| Nicolaus Coperincus (1473-1543) |
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| Polish clergyman and astronomer. Began heliocentric universe idea. Published On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543. |
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| Danish astronomer. Collected 20 years |
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| Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) |
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| German assistant to Brahe. Brilliant mathematician. Three laws of planetary motion proved Copernican theory of sun-centered system. |
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| Florentine mathematician/scientist. Experiments with acceleration, inertia, and astronomy. Used telescope to discover moons of Jupiter and destroy Aristotle's view of the universe. Published Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World. Came into conflict with the Church, and forced to recant his beliefs. |
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| English scientist who discovered the laws of gravity. "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants" |
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| Established in 1662 to publish scientific papers and sponsor scientific meetings. |
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| English politician and writer. He formalized the empirical (inductive) method. Scientific experiments. |
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French philosophe who discovered analytic geometry. Relation between algebra and geometry. Advanced deductive method. World view: Cartesian dualism. Matter = physical and mind = spiritual
"I think, therefore I am." |
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| 18th century intellectual and cultural movement. Held as its ideals: reason, progress, nature, liberty, and tolerance. |
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| French writer who made science "popular" to the educated regular person. Conversions on the Plurality of Worlds. |
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| Ancient philosophy that's revived and used by Enlightenment thinkers. Critically examines everything against reason. |
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| Influentual French skeptic. Advocated religious tolerance. Historical and Critical Dictionary. |
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| Swiss philosophe. Neurotic. Believed in individual freedom. Passion over reason. Influences romantic movement. Led to child psychology and modern education. Also: politica; theory, The Social Contract. Will lead to revolutions and dictatorships. |
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| French woman of science. Translated Newton's Principal into French.Consort of Voltaire. |
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| Social gatherings hosted by rich and talented French women. Purpose: uncensored, intellectual exchange. |
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| Hostess to twice-weekly salons. Supporter of the Encyclopedia. Christian. God-mother of the Enlightenment. |
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| Francois Marie Arouet Voltaire |
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| French philosophe. Spent time in jail and England. Also lived at court of Frederick the Great (Prussia). Diest. More radical than most philosphers. Wrote Candide. |
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| Editors of the Encyclopedia. Knowledge was useful and would lead to progress. |
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| German atheist. Split Enlightenment movement with anti-Christian idea. |
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| Scottish philosopher. You can only "know" what you sense. Reason is useless. Split Enlightenment faith in reason. |
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| Monarchs with unlimited power, who were influenced by the Philosphes and ruled with the good of their people in mind. |
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| Enlightened Despot of Prussia. Ignored the Pragmatic Sanction and invaded Austria. Defended his own country in the Seven Years' War with the help of Russia. Host to Voltaire. Put Enlightened ideas into practice. |
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| (1762-1796) German princess who had her husband, Peter III, killed to become empress of Russia. Enlightened Despot. Wrote back and forth to Coltaire and supported the Encyclopedia. Westernized the thinking of the Russian nobility. Made enlightened changes but extended serfdom. |
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| During the late 1700's Russia, Austria and Prussia divided Poland among themselves until Poland was wiped off the map. |
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| Empress of Austria. Enlightened Monarch. Introduced reforms to strengthen her state. Limit power of pope, improve bureaucracy and tax system, and reduce power of lords over serfs. |
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| Weakened power of the monarchy in France and began problems with the French nobility that will grow during the reign of Louis XVI. |
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