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| An unstable arrangement of atoms that exists momentarily at the peak of the activation-energy barrier; an intermediate or transitional structure formed during the course of a reaction |
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| the minimum energy colliding particles must have in order to react |
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| a state of balance in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal; no net change in the amount of reactants and products occurs in the chemical system |
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| atoms, ions, and molecules can react to form products when they collide, provided that the particles have enough kinetic energy |
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| an ion that is common to both salts in a solution; in a solution of silver nitrate and silver chloride, Ag+ would be a common ion |
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| a decrease in the solubility of an ionic compound cause by the addition of a common ion |
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| a reaction in which reactants are converted to products in a single step |
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| (S) a measure of the disorder of a system; systems tend to go from a state of order (low entropy) to a state of disorder (high entropy) |
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| the relative concentrations of reactants and products of a reaction that has reached equilibrium; indicates whether the reactants or products are favored in the reversible reaction |
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| the energy available to do work |
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| (delta G) the maximum amount of energy that can be coupled to another process to do useful work. |
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| a substance that interferes with the action of a catalyst |
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| a product of one of the steps in a reaction mechanism; it becomes a reactant in the next step |
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| a natural tendency of systems to move in the direction of maximum chaos or disorder |
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| when a stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system changes in a way that relieves the stress |
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| a reaction that does not favor the formation of products at the specified conditions |
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| describes the speed of change over an interval of time |
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| an expression relating the rate of a reaction to the concentration of the reactants |
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| a series of elementary reactions that take place during the course of a complex reaction |
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| solubility product constant |
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| (Ksp) an equilibrium constant applied to the solubility of electrolytes; it is equal to the product of the concentrations of the ions each raised to a power equal to the coefficient of the ion in the dissociation equation |
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| a proportionality constant relating the concentrations of reactants to the rate of the reaction |
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| a reaction that favors the formation of products at the specified conditions; spontaneity depends on enthalpy and entropy changes |
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| a term sometimes used to refer to the activated complex |
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