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| System of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone to regulate the body |
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Definition
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| Mood, growth, development, tissue function and metabolism of organisms are regulated by what? |
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| Cell signaling via gap junctions typically involves the movement of? |
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| Signaling cell release a chemical messenger that binds to a receptor on the target cell and activates a signal transduction pathway is which type of cell signaling? |
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Definition
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| Diffusion to a nearby cell |
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Definition
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| diffusion back to the signaling cell |
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Term
| paracrine and autocrine are two types of short distance ______ cell signaling. |
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| Endocrine and neural are both ____ distance cell signaling. |
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| In endocrine cell signaling a ___ is transported by the circulatory system. |
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| In neural cell signaling electrical signals travel along a neuron and release a __. |
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3 steps of indirect signaling...
1. Release of _____ ie hormone from the signaling cell.
2.Transport of the messenger through the ____ environment to the target cell.
3. Communication of the signal to the target cell. |
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Definition
| chemical messenger;extracellular |
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Term
| Hydrophilic and hydrophobic are two types of what? |
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Definition
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| ________ messenger can cross the cell membrane by diffusion. |
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| _____ messenger cannot cross the targer cell membrane.It must bind to a receptor. |
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| Hydrophobic are ____ soluble. |
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| A chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism are what? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ of a particular hormone in a particular tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ and secretion of the hormone. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ of the hormone to the target cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ of the hormone by an associated cell membrane or intracellular receptor protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ and ampliflication of the recieved hormonal signal via a signal transduction process (process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another) this leads to a cellular response. |
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| the last step in hormonal signaling is _____ of the hormone. |
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Term
| A protein molecule to which a particular molecule binds stongly |
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Definition
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| hormone receptors responds to several different ______. |
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Definition
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| Different tissues have different _______ of receptors. |
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| Presence or absence of specific _____ determines hormonal sensitivity. |
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Definition
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| _______ activate receptors. |
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Definition
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| ________ block receptors. |
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Definition
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| The more receptors for a hormone the _____ the response. |
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Definition
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| The higher the affinity constant (Ka) the ______ the response to receptors from homone action. |
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Definition
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| These are types of what? Ligand-gated ion channel, receptor enzyme, G-protein couple receptor |
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| Which type of receptor uses the second messenger system? |
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Definition
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| The ________ mechanism of hormone action operates by binding to specific receptors and employing the services of ______. |
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Definition
| second messenger;G proteins |
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Term
| What is an enzyme complex that is coupled to membrane receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
These are involved in the link between the first messenger (hormone) and the ______.
cyclic AMP(cAMP)- from ATP
cyclic GMP (cGMP)- from GTP
Calcium Ions |
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Definition
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Term
Hormone (1st mess) binds to _______.
Receptor activates G protein.
G protein activates adenylate cyclase.
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to ____.(2nd mess)
cAMP activates protein kinases. |
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Definition
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Term
| In G protein couple receptors IP3 diffuses into the cytoplasm and trigger a release of what from the intracellular reserves ie Smooth ER |
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Definition
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Term
| Peptide hormones are _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Peptide hormones are proteins and they are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
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Definition
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Term
Peptide hormones are synthesized on the rough ER.
Stored in _____.
Leave signaling cell via ______.
They are hydrophilic so they _____ cross the target cell membrane.
Bind to _____.
______ effect on cells. |
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Definition
| vesicles;exocytosis;cannot;receptors;rapid |
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Term
| Steroid and thyroid hormones must be synthesized on ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| steroid and thyroid hormones are transported to target cell by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| steroid and thyroid hormones have ____ effects on the target cells. (regulate transcription) |
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Definition
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Term
| steroid and thyroid hormones are ______. They ____ pass through the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
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| steroid and thyroid hormones _____ be stored within the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the _____ or ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ hormones exert their action by finding an appropriate cell receptor and iniating ______ activity and entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the ____ of a gene. |
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Definition
| steroid;second messenger;expression |
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Term
| any change or deviation from the normal range of function is opposed or resisted. Maintains homeostatis. |
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Definition
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| Designed to accelerate or enhance the output created by a stimulus that has already been activated. Moves away from normal levels. |
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| The parathyroid hormone _____ osteoblasts |
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Definition
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| Examples of low plasma calcium and eating a meal are examples of which feedback system? |
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Definition
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| Which gland releases nine important peptide hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
the pituitary gland release ____ important ____ hormones.
Hormones bind to membrane _____.
Use _____ as second messenger. |
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Definition
| nine;peptide;receptors;cAMP |
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| What gland is also called hypophysis? |
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Definition
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| The ______ release of hormones stimulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
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| Anterior pituitary is regulated by.... |
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Definition
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| This gland does not synthesize hormones and stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
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| This hormone of the anterior pituitary stimulates secretion of insulin like growth factors that promote growth, protein synthesis |
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Definition
| Human Growth Hormone (hGH) |
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Term
| hGH on skeletal...Increased _____ formation and skeletal growth. |
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Definition
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| hGH on fat... _____ fat breakdown and release. |
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Definition
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| hGH on carb metabolism..... increased blood ____ and other anti-insulin effects. |
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Definition
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Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH) Decrease urine production by causing the kidneys to return more water to the ____.
Also decreases ______ loss through sweating and constriction of arterioles which _______ blood pressure. |
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Definition
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Definition
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| ADH is stimulated by ____ blood osmotic pressure. |
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Definition
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| __________ is used by the thyroid to produce the thyroid hormones T4 and T3. |
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Definition
| Thyroglobulin/Globular protein |
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Term
| ADH is inhibited by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
Increase basal metabolic rate.
Stimulate synthesis of Na/K/ATPase
Increase body temp
stimulate protein synthesis
Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production.
Stimulate lipolysis
All of these are actions of what hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Helps regulate concentrations of calcium in body fluids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcitonin _____ movement of calcium ___ bone. |
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Definition
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| _______ inhibits osteoclast activity and release of Ca from bone matrix. |
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Definition
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| Elevate levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of what hormone? |
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Definition
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| What hormone is released in response to low concentrations of Ca in blood? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
| ______ stimulates osteoclasts and release calcium from the bone. |
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Definition
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Definition
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| PTH stimulates formation and secretion of ____ at the kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| What produces epinephrine and norepinephrine? |
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Definition
| Inner suprarenal medulla of the Adrenal gland |
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Term
| What manufactures steroid hormones (corticosteroids) |
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Definition
| superficial suprarenal cortex (adrenal) |
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Term
| A glucocorticoid that controls carb, fat and protein metabolism and are antiinflammatory |
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Definition
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Term
| A mineralcorticoid that controls electrolyte and water levels, mainly promoting sodium retention in the kidney. |
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Definition
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| Osteoclast activity is inhibited when _____ is present. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gland synthsize and secreted by the hormone melatonin? |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Melatonin has antioxidant properties. It protects against damage by ____ |
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| ____ cells secrete ______ - raises blood sugar. |
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Definition
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| _____ cells secrete ______ - lowers blood sugar |
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Definition
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| _____ cells secrete ______ - inhibits both insulin and glucagon |
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Definition
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| ___ cells secrete ________ - inhibits somatostatin, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| the ______ portion of the pancreas produces pancreatic juice containing _____ enzymes. |
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Definition
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| _______ produces natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) |
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Definition
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| _______ produces hormones important to coordination of digestive activites. |
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Definition
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Term
| Produces thymosins that help develop and maintain normal immune defenses. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ -leptin= feeback control for appetite. |
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Definition
| adipose tissue secretions |
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