Term
| What does urine production regulate |
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Definition
- plasma ion concentrations
- Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, C1-, HCO3, HPO4-
- Blood Ph
- Plasma volume
- Plasma osmolarity
- Removes wastes and foreign substances
- Retains useful molecules
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Term
| How does urine production regulate blood Ph |
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Definition
| By regulating the concentration of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions in the plasma, the kidneys partner with the lungs to regulate the pH of the blood |
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Term
| How does urine production regulate plasma osmolarity |
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Definition
| by regulating the total solute concentraiton of plasma |
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Term
| What are the type of wastes found in urine |
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Definition
- metabolic wastes
- urea
- creatinine
- ammonia
- uric acid
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Term
| The kidneys secrete Erythropoietin, which stimulates _________ to produce ________ |
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Definition
- bone marrow
- red blood cell production
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Term
| Where does urine collect in the kidney |
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Definition
| in calyces and the renal pelvis |
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Term
| How much blood flows through the kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the blood return to after it has been processed by the kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of nephrons |
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Definition
| functional units of the kidnyes, they do the work of filtering the blood and forming the urine |
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Term
| How many nephrons are there in two kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the capsular space found in the kidney |
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Definition
| inside the renal corpuscle, on the nephron side of the glomerular epithelium |
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Term
| The capsular space funnels into |
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Definition
| the proximal convolute tubule (PCT) |
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Term
| The distal convoluted tubule drains into a |
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Definition
| collecting duct which drains into the renal pelvis |
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Term
| Before the blood is filtered, it enters the ______ via an ________ ___________ |
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Definition
| glomerular capillaries via an afferent arteriole |
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Term
| An efferent arteriole exits the glomerular capillary bed and forms the |
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Definition
| peritubular capillary bed, or else a vasa recta, which surrounds the tubules of the nephron or the nephron loop |
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Term
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Definition
| blood pressure forces fluid across the filtration membrane, into the capsular space |
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Term
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Definition
| most water and some solutes are removed from the filtrate, and enter the interstitial fluid, and then the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| some solutes are transported form the ISF across the tubular epithelium, into the flitrate |
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Term
| What are the 3 comonents of filtration |
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Definition
1) fenestrated capillary
2) basement membrane
3) filtration slits |
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Term
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Definition
| Endothelial cells with pores |
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Term
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Definition
| contains large amounts of protein fibers |
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Term
| Glomerular filtrate must cross three barriers to enter the Bowman's capsule, what are they |
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Definition
- Capillary endothelial cell layer
- Surrounding epithelia cell layer
- Basement membrane the is sandwiched between them
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Term
| The amount of plasma the two kidneys receive over time is called the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ filtration rate is the rate at which filtrate is produced from plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average glomerular filtration rate |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
in the renal corpuscle
it is the bulk of flow of protein-free plasma from the glomerus into Bowman's capsule |
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Term
| Where does reabsorption occur |
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Definition
| along the tubules, is the movement of water or solute from the lumen of the tubules into the peritubular capillaries |
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Term
| Where does secretion occur |
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Definition
| along the tubules, it is the movement of solute from the peritubular capillaries into the lumen of the tubules |
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Term
| Where is the juxtaglomerula appartus located |
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Definition
| located where the initial part of the distal tubule passes through the fork between the afferent and efferent arterioles |
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Term
| What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do |
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Definition
| regulating blood volume and blood pressure |
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Term
| What do the secretory granules in the juxtaglomerular apparatus contain |
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Definition
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Term
| Without regulation, blood pressure increases which would increase the ______, and decreases would decrease _______ |
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Definition
| Glomerular Filtration Rate |
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Term
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Definition
- Increases MAP - stretchs the afferent arterioles
- constricts the smooth muscle in the afferent arterioles
- Decreases BP in the glomerular capillary bed
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Term
| Tubuloglomerular feedback |
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Definition
- increased fluid flow past the macula densa
- releases paracrine signals
- constriction of the afferent arteriole
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Term
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Definition
- similar to smooth muscle cells
- respond to increased bp (in a manner similar to myogenic regulation)
- affect the capillary bed surface area, to affect filtration rates
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Term
| Active reabsorption of solutes |
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Definition
| Solutes can be actively transported against their concentration gradients across either the basolateral membrane or the apical membrane |
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Term
| Passive reabsorption of water |
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Definition
| active transport increases the osmolarity of peritubular fluid and plasma, creating conditions that enable reabsorption of water via osmosis |
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Term
| Almost all nutrients that were in the filtrate are reabsorbed in the |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of ions and water are reabsorbed in the PCT |
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Definition
65%
about 120 of the 180 liter of filtrate per day |
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Term
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Definition
this region of the tubule is impermeable to water and most solutes
But Na+, K+, and C1- are actively transported out of the ascending limb (reabsorption) |
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Term
| Medullary Osmotic gradient |
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Definition
makes extensive water reabsorption possible in the descending limb and collecting duct
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water, whereas the thick ascending limb is impermeable to water and contains trasnporters for Na+, C1- and K+ |
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Term
| Low osmolarity of fluid entering the DCT allows us to generate a very |
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Definition
| diluted urine when the plasma osmoarity is too low as in over-hydrated |
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Term
| The reabsorption in the DCT and collecting duct allows what |
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Definition
| allows us to generage highly concentrated urine when plasma osmolarity is too high as in dehydration |
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Term
| Water is drawn out of the descending limb by |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the descending limb permeable to |
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Definition
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Term
| How much filtrate water is reabsorbed in the descending limb |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the fluid entering the ascending limb have a high osmolarity or low osmolarity |
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Definition
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Term
| Countercurrent multiplier system |
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Definition
works to maintain the high osmolarity of the renal medulla by pumping ions out of the tubular fluid in the ascending limb
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Term
| High osmolarity of the medulla draws water out of the |
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Definition
| descending limb, which actually makes it even easier to remove ions from the ascending limb. |
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Term
| Countercurrent refers to the |
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Definition
| opposite directions of fluid flow in the descending and ascending limb by the reabsorption of water in the descending limb |
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Term
| DCT and Collecting Duct are they impermeable or permeable to water and solutes |
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Definition
| impermeable to water and solutes |
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Term
| What instructs the DCT and collecting ducts to perform reabsorption or secretion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| some solutes ar transported from the ISF across the tubular epithelium, into the filtrate. |
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Term
| Anti-diuretic hormone is secreted by what |
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Definition
- secreted by the hypothalamus
- ECF osmolarity - high - inceases ADH
- ECF osmolority - low - decreases ADH
- Blood Pressure - decreased - stimulates ADH
- Angiotensin II
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Term
| How much filtrate volume is reabsorbed in the DCT and collecting ducts under the influence of ADH |
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Definition
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Term
| If our plasma osmolarity is too high, the additional ADH will instruct the DCT and collecting ducts to |
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Definition
| increase the amount of water that is reabsorbed, so that we may generate as little as 0.4 L/day of urine (as when we are dehydrated) |
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Term
| When our plasma osmolarity is too low, the reduced ADH secretion will allow the DCT and collecting ducts to |
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Definition
| decrease the amount of water reabsorbed, so that we may generate as much as 20 L/day of urine (as when we are over-hydrated) |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates the rates of Na+ reabsorbion and K+ secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by cells in the cortex of the adrenal gland |
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Term
| Aldosterone secretion in response to |
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Definition
- increased blood K+ levels
- decreased blood volume or blood pressure, indirectly through the RAAS system
- decreased blood Na+ levels, indirectly through the RAAS system
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Term
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Definition
- binds to intracellular hormone receptors, which stimulates synthesis of Na+/K+ pumps
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Term
| How do the Na+/K+ pumps work |
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Definition
- pump Na+ out of the tubular epithelial cells into the ISF
- pump K+ into the tubular epithelial cells from the ISF
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Term
| Binding of aldosterone to its receptor also leads to opening of |
|
Definition
ion channels, and stimulates ion channel synthesis.
diffusion of the ions across the apical membrane is more rapid |
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Term
| Aldosterone facilitates Na+ reabsorption to maintain |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldosterone facilitates K+ secretion to |
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Definition
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Term
The RAAS System
(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) |
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Definition
The liver and the juxtaglomerular cells secrete and release angiotensinogen and renin into the blood where renin cleaves amino acids from angiotensinogen to form angiotensinI.
Angiotensin convertng enzyme (ACE) located on certain endothelial cells in capillaries cleaves amino acids from angiontensin I to form angiotensin II, which travels in the bloodstream to the adrenal cortex, where it stiumulates the release of aldosterone into the blood. |
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Term
The liver and the juxtaglomerular cells secrete and release angiotensinogen and renin into the blood where |
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Definition
| renin cleaves amino acids from angiotensinogen to form angiotensinI. |
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Term
Angiotensin convertng enzyme (ACE) located on certain endothelial cells in capillaries cleaves amino acids from angiontensin I to |
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Definition
| form angiotensin II, which travels in the bloodstream to the adrenal cortex, where it stiumulates the release of aldosterone into the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
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Term
|
Definition
a hormone the maintains and increases blood pressure
- stimulates vasoconstriction of systemic arteries (increase MAP)
- stimulates adreanl cortex to secrete aldosterone
- stimulates posterior pituitory to secrete ADH
- stimulates feelings of thirst in hypothalamus
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Term
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Definition
| Na+ reabsorption, which in turn increases water reabsorption (prevents decreases in MAP) |
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Term
| Posterior pituitary Gland secretes ADH |
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Definition
| which increases wate reabsorption (prevents decreases in MAP) |
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Term
| If Na+ is low will blood osmolarity be low |
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Definition
Yes, reduces ADH secretion, and leads to wate loss to that the body can maintain osmotic balance.
Water loss reduces MAP. Decreased MAP activates the RAAS system above to maintain MAP and increase Na+ reabsorption |
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Term
| Atrial Natriuritic Peptide |
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Definition
| works to decrease blood Na+ levels, and therefore decrease MAP |
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