Term
| 1. What was the Republican Party's organizational arm in the South known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. Why did Freedmen join the Union League and support the Republican Party? |
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Definition
-press for more autonomy for the black workforce
-agitate for land confiscation
-work for better labor contracts for freemen
-push for land redistribution |
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Term
| 3. What was the night-riding organization determined to limit the political and economic gains of freedmen during Reconstruction? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. What resulted from the destruction of slavery? |
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Definition
| -The spread of sharecropping and tenant farming |
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Term
| 5. What resulted from Federal Reconstruction policies? |
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Definition
| -The passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act which promised full citizenship rights to former slaves |
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Term
| 6. What did the Civil War confirm? |
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Definition
| -that the federal government took precedence over the individual states |
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Term
| 7. What was the major issue of Reconstruction? |
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Definition
| -how to regularize relations between the former Confederate states and the United States government |
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Term
| 8. What was the consuming passion of most white southerners following the Civil War? |
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Definition
| -reestablishing white supremacy and the social order |
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Term
| 9. What was President Lincoln's reconstruction plan designed to do? |
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Definition
| -to bring states back into the Union as swiftly as possible protecting private property and opposing harsh punishments; amnesty was promised |
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Term
| 10. What was Lincoln's plan for re-admitting states to the Union known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| 11. What was the Congressional Plan for Reconstruction, proposed in 1864 in response to Lincoln's reconstruction plan, known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. How did Lincoln kill the Radical republicans' bill? |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. What did Johnson's Reconstruction Plan seek to do? |
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Definition
-restore property rights to Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union
-extended personal pardons to Southern plantation owners who swore an oath to allegiance
-he wanted to control the Reconstruction (domain of the executive branch)
-restore Union quickly |
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Term
| 14. What was the goal of Johnson's Reconstruction policy? |
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Definition
| -to restore the Union as quickly as possible |
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Term
| 15. What were black codes? |
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Definition
-laws passed by Southern states to restrict freedoms of blacks
-keep freed blacks as close to slave status as possible |
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Term
| 16. To what does the phrase "waving the bloody shirt" refer? |
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Definition
| -The Republican political tactic of reminding Northern voters of Union causalities during the Civil War |
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Term
| 17. According to the map of the Reconstruction of the South, 1866-1877, all of the former Confederate states were readmitted to the Union by what year? |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. According to the map of the Reconstruction on the South, 1866-1877, which former Confederate state was not placed in one of five military districts in 1867? |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. What did the First Reconstruction Act passed in 1867 do? |
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Definition
-required Southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment
-overturned the presidential reconstruction process
-divided the South into five military districts each under major generals under martial law
-generated new state constitutional conventions |
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Term
| 20. The foundations of the modern African-American community were based on what two major institutions of slave cultures? |
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Definition
| -the family and the church |
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Term
| 21. Why did emancipation alter gender roles for African-Americans? |
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Definition
-African American men who served in the Union army played a more direct role in achieving emancipation than African American women
-Freedmen's Bureau agents identified males as heads of households and established higher wage scales for them
-African American editors, preachers, and politicians quoted the biblical injunction that wives submit to their husbands
-African American women wanted to devote more time to domestic chores |
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Term
| 22. What institutions or rights were central to African-American concepts of freedom? |
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Definition
-churches controlled by the African American community
-access to an education
-control of land
-self-determination of work schedules |
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Term
| 23. How did most African-Americana seek economic self-sufficiency? |
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Definition
| -through ownership of land |
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Term
| 24. What do the maps of the Barrow Plantation show in regard to how, as a result of emancipation, those that worked the land now lived? |
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Definition
| -On plots scattered across the former plantations |
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Term
| 25. To what does the term "sharecropping" refer? |
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Definition
| -The system under which individual families contracted with landowners to work for a plot of land in return for a portion of the resulting crop |
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Term
| 26. What were the primary goals of politically involved African-Americans during the Reconstruction era? |
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Definition
| -Equality before the law and a guarantee of suffrage |
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Term
| 27. In the Reconstruction era, most freedmen supported the candidates of what party in elections? |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. What did Union League chapters do? |
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Definition
-Encouraged African-Americans to vote
-Promoted Republican candidates for office
-Instructed freedmen in the rights and duties of citizenship
-Assembled groups to campaign for the right to vote |
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Term
| 29. In what political solution to the problems of the South did the majority of Republicans put their faith? |
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Definition
| -they put their faith in a political solution to the problems of the South that meant in a viable 2-party system in the region |
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Term
| 30. Who were the carpetbaggers? |
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Definition
| -White, Northern, middle-class immigrants who went South after the Civil war to reform and modernize the South and to make their own fortunes |
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Term
| 31. Who were the scalawags? |
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Definition
| -Native southern whites who joined the Republican party and worked with freedmen and Northerners who came to make their fortune |
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Term
| 32. Why did some Southerners join the Republican Party? |
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Definition
-Former Whigs who had hoped to regain political influence through the Republican Party
-Southerners who saw the Republican Party as an agent of modernization and economic expansion
-opponents of secession who sought help in bringing relief from debt and wartime devastation
-Enemies of the planter elite |
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Term
| 33. What did the Southern state constitutions written during Reconstruction do? |
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Definition
-Created the first state-funded systems of Education in the South
-Abolished property qualifications for office holding and jury service
-Required the establishment of orphanages, penitentiaries and homes for the insane
-Expanded democracy and the public role of the state |
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Term
| 34. Faced with violence and terrorism in the South, and at the behest of Southern Republicans, what act did the federal government pass? |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. What 1875 measure outlawed racial discrimination in public places? |
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Definition
| -The Civil Rights Act of 1875 |
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Term
| 36. What term was used to describe southern states when conservative Democrats took control of them away from the Republican Reconstruction regimes? |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. What did African Americans face once a SOuthern state was taken control of by conservative Democrats? |
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Definition
-Obstacles to voting
-Cuts in social services
-More controls on plantation labor
-Clashed with armed whites |
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Term
| 38. What did the Supreme Court rule in the Slaughterhouse cases? |
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Definition
| -Said that the Fourteenth Amendment only protected National Citizenship Rights and not regulating powers of states |
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Term
| 39. What did the Supreme Court rule in 1873 in regard to the original intent of the Fourteenth Amendment? |
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Definition
| -The Supreme Court denied the original intent of the Fourteenth Amendment, which was to prohibit state infringement of national citizenship rights |
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Term
| 40. What did the Supreme Court rule in United States v. Reese and United States v. Cruikshank? |
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Definition
| -The Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment only applied to discrimination of the states |
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Term
| 41. To what does the term "crop lien" refer? |
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Definition
| -The money advanced to poor Southern farmers that was guaranteed by their future harvest |
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Term
| 42. Who made up the new elite that arose in the South during and after Reconstruction and which based its power on the control of credit and marketing? |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. According to the map, where were most counties with large percentages of sharecropped land found? |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. What led to the development of a large, unskilled labor class in the North? |
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Definition
-The increase in the arrival of unskilled immigrants
-The spread of the factory system
-The growth of large and powerful corporations
-The Rapid expansion of capitalist enterprise |
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Term
| 45. What measure gave huge grants of land to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific to build a transcontinental railroad? |
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Definition
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Term
| 46. What was the primary source of funds for the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads? |
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Definition
| -Federal government land grants and subsidies |
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Term
| 47. What groups of Americans, working in gangs, made up most of the workers employed by the Union Pacific? |
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Definition
| -African-Americans and Irish |
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Term
| 48. The Central Pacific employed laborers, primarily from what country? |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. To help the Central Pacific acquire laborers, in 1868 the United States Senate ratified what measure, which gave Chinese the right to emigrate to the United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. What 1868 treaty primarily impacted the western United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. What did the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibit? |
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Definition
| -Chinese immigration to the US for 10 years |
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Term
| 52. What act did Congress pass in 1882 in response to anti-Chinese agitation by western politicians and unions? |
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Definition
| -The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 |
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Term
| 53. At what location in Utah were the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads joined by a golden spike on May 10, 1869? |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. What railroads were built in addition to the Union pacific? |
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Definition
-The Great Northern
-The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
-The Southern Pacific
-The Central Pacific |
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Term
| 55. Why did railroad corporations form pools? |
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Definition
| -To set rates and divide market |
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Term
| 56. Who were the prominent railroad executives in the Gilded Age? |
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Definition
-Cornelius Vanderbilt
-Collis P. Huntington
-Jay Gould
-James J. Hill |
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Term
| 57. In what ways did Congress encourage the construction of railroads? |
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Definition
Through:
-Land grants
-Loans
-Tax incentives
-Financing deals |
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Term
| 58. What company was involved in the worst scandal of the Grant Administration, and what did the scandal involve? |
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Definition
Credit Mobilier Scandal
-Associated with the Union Pacific
-Involved the creation of a dummy construction company to divert funds intended for the construction of the Union Pacific into the hands of large investors |
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Term
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Definition
| -The political cartoonist whose work appeared in Harper's Weekly and who attacked the dishonesty and corruption of the Tweed Ring |
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Term
| 60. Who was Horace Greeley? |
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Definition
-The New York Tribune editor and 1872 Liberal Republican/ Democratic candidate for president who coined the phrase, "root, hog, or die"
-This phrase, intended for freedmen, told them to be selfish and worry about themselves because no one would help them |
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Term
| 61. What caused the Panic and Depression of 1873? |
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Definition
| -Commercial expansion, especially in speculative investing in railroads |
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Term
| 62. During the depression of the 18700s, what term was coined to refer to the numerous men who took to the road in search of work? |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. What did the depression of the 1870s make Americans more aware and concerned about? |
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Definition
-Their own class interests
-worried less about former slaves |
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Term
| 64. What scandals plagued the Grant administration in the 1870s and weakened the Republican credibility? |
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Definition
-The Credit Mobilier Scandal
-The Whiskey Ring
-Bribes for the sale of Indian trading places |
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Term
| 65. How was the dispute over contested electoral votes in the 1876 election settled? |
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Definition
-Congress appointed an electoral commission
-made up of 5 representatives, 5 senators, 5 Supreme Court justices
-7 were Republicans, 7 Democrats, 1 Independent
-Hayes was awarded the votes and won the election |
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Term
| 66. What does the map of the election of 1876 show? |
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Definition
| -The returns of four states were contested |
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