Term
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Definition
| the intracellular reaction of oxygen with organic materials to produce carbon dioxide, water, & energy in the form of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of gases between the environment & the body's cells |
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Term
| 4 processes of external respiration |
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Definition
1. the exchange of air between the atmosphere & the lungs
2. the exchange of O2 & CO2 between the lungs & the blood
3. the transport of O2 & CO2 by the blood
4. the exchange of gases between blood & the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA breathing; the exchange of air between the atmosphere & the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of air into the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of air out of the lungs |
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Term
| What system consists of structures involved in ventilation & gas exchange? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| passages (airways) that lead from the external environment to the exchange surface of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of interconnected sacs & their associated pulmonary capillaries |
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Term
| 4 parts of the upper respiratory tract |
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Definition
1. mouth
2. nasal cavity
3. pharynx
4. larynx |
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Term
| 4 parts of the lower respiratory tract |
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Definition
1. trachea
2. two primary bronchi
3. bronchi branches
4. lungs |
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Term
| Is the diaphragm made of skeletal or smooth muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 sets of muscles (internal & external) that connect the 12 pairs of ribs |
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Term
| Where do the sternocleidomastoids & scalenes run? |
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Definition
| from the head & neck to the sternum & first two ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| two bags that surround the lungs |
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Term
| What makes up most of the volume of the light, spongy tissue of the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the pleura (pleural membranes)? |
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Definition
| several layers of elastic connective tissue & numerous capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin film that holds together the opposing layers of pleural membrane; has a total volume of only about 25-30 mL in the average man |
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Term
| Where does air pass into after it enters the upper respiratory tract through the mouth & nose? |
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Definition
| the pharynx (a common passageway for food, liquids, & air) |
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Term
| From the pharynx, air flows through the _____ into the _____ |
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Definition
| larynx; trachea (windpipe) |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue bands that vibrate & tighten to create sound when air moves past them; in the larynx |
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Term
| Where do the primary bronchi go to? |
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Definition
| one bronchus goes to each lung |
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Term
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Definition
| branches of the smallest bronchi within the lungs; small collapsible passageways with walls of smooth muscle |
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Term
| 3 components of conditioning |
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Definition
1. warming air to body temperature
2. adding water vapor until the air reaches 100% humidity
3. filtering out foreign material |
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Term
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Definition
| make up about 95% of the alveolar surface area; used for gas exchange; larger of the two types of alveolar cells |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller & thicker of the two types of alveolar cells; synthesize & secrete a chemical known as surfactant |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental air pressure; reported in millimeters of mercury (just like blood pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
| the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by the individual gases |
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Term
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Definition
| the pressure of a single gas in a mixture |
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Term
| What two measurements are related in Boyle's Law? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an inspiration followed by an expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| used in pulmonary function tests; an instrument that measures the volume of air moved with each breath |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration |
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| the additional volume you inspire above the tidal volume (forced breathing in after a normal inspiration) |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
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Definition
| the amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration; averages about 1100 mL |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhalation; usually about 1200 mL |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, & tidal volume |
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Term
| FEV1 (forces expiratory volume in 1 second) |
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Definition
| how fast air leaves the airways in the first second of expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| vital capacity plus the residual volume |
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Term
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Definition
| during voluntary exhalations when ventilation exceeds 30-40 breaths per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition that results in a collapsed lung that is unable to function normally |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the lung to stretch |
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Term
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Definition
| the reciprocal of compliance; the ability to resist being deformed |
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Term
| restrictive lung diseases |
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Definition
| pathological conditions in which compliance is reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| a pulmonary disease characterized by the development of stiff, fibrous scar tissue that restricts lung inflation |
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Term
| surface active agents (surfactants) |
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Definition
| molecules that disrupts cohesive forces between water molecules by substituting themselves for water at the surface; reduces surface tension of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| increases resistance to air flow & decreases the amount of fresh air that reaches the alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by increased CO2 in expired air which results in relaxation of the bronchiolar smooth muscle |
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Term
| total pulmonary ventilation |
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Definition
| used to estimate the effectiveness of ventilation; the volume of air moved into & out of the lungs each minute |
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Term
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Definition
| the conducting airways that do not exchange gases with the blood |
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Term
| 4 stages of lung volume throughout a respiratory cycle |
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Definition
1. the end of an inspiration: lung volume is maximal & fresh air from the atmosphere fills the upper airways
2. exhalation: the tidal volume of 500 mL leaves the body
3. end of exhalation: lung volume is at its minimum & stale air from alveoli fills the anatomic dead space
4. next inspiration: another 500 mL of fresh air enters the airways |
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Term
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Definition
| a more accurate indicator of ventilation efficiency because a significant portion of inspired air never reaches an exchange surface; the volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute |
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Term
| How high can maximum voluntary ventilation (breathing as deeply & quickly as possible) increase pulmonary ventilation to? |
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Definition
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Term
| obstructive lung diseases |
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Definition
| diseases in which air flow is diminished because of increased airway resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| an inflammatory condition characterized by bronchoconstriction & airway edema; often associated with allergies |
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