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| The common names for aldehydes are derived from the common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid, with the ending "-ic" or "-oic acid" replaced by "-_____" |
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| Many ketones also have common names, which consist of the names of the substituent groups followed by the word "_____" |
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| What is the common name for diethyl ketone? |
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| Phenyl ketones have common names ending in "-_____" |
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| Adhering to IUPAC rules, aldehydes are treated as derivatives of the alkanes, with the ending "-e" replaced by "-_____" |
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| an alkane with an aldehyde functional group |
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| What carbon number position is given to the aldehyde carbon? |
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| A dialdehyde group is denoted as a "-_____" |
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| when the -CHO group is attached to a ring; the carbon bearing the -CHO group is C1 |
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| alkanes with a ketone functional group; the ending "-e" of alkane was replaced with "-one" |
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| compounds in which ketones are part of a ring; an aldehyde cannot be part of a ring (unique to ketones) |
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| Do ketones or alcohols get precedence in naming position? |
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| Can the aldehyde functional group be abbreviated as "-COH"? |
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| What is the abbreviation for the aldehyde functional group? |
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Term
| geminal diols/carbonyl hydrates |
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| RC(OH)2R'; center carbon bonded to two alcohol groups |
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| Are carbonyl hydrates easily isolated as pure substances? |
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| the adduct formed with the reaction between alcohols and aldehydes/ketones; intermediate on the way to an acetal; name comes from the Greek word "hemi" for "half" |
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| the resulting compound when the hydroxy function of the hemiacetal is replaced by another alkoxy unit derived from the alcohol |
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| an acetal derived from a ketone |
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| 2 step mechanism for acetal formation |
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Definition
1. hemiacetal generation: acid-catalyzed addition of first molecule of alcohol
2. acetal generation: acid-catalyzed SN1 displacement of water by second molecule of alcohol |
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Definition
| reaction from an acetal to an aldehyde or ketone by adding excess water |
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Term
| Can acetals be isolated as pure substances? |
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| Is acetal formation reversible? |
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Term
| Use of diols converts aldehydes and ketones into _____ acetals, which are generally more stable than their acyclic counterparts |
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| Is entropy more favorable in the formation of cyclic acetals or acyclic acetals? |
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| Cyclic acetals are the most useful as _____ for the carbonyl function in aldehydes and ketones |
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| the sulfur analogs of acetals; produced by reacting an aldehyde/ketone with a thiol & a Lewis acid (i.e. BF3 or ZnCl2); especially stable in a cyclic system |
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Definition
| turning a thioacetal into the corresponding hydrocarbon by treatment with Raney nickel |
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| the nitrogen analogs of hemiacetals; formed upon the exposure of an aldehyde/ketone to an amine |
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Definition
| the nitrogen analog of the carbonyl group; formed when a hemiaminal of a primary amine loses water to form a carbon-nitrogen double bond |
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Definition
| the product of the dehydration of a hemiaminal; becomes deprotonated to form an imine |
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Definition
| processes in which two molecules are joined with the elimination of water (or other small molecules such as alcohols); ex) imine formation from a primary amine & an aldehyde/ketone |
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| Are imines easy to isolate? |
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Definition
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Term
| After initial addition to a secondary amine, water is eliminated by deprotonation at _____ to produce an enamine |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the name "enamine" come from? |
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Definition
| it incorporates both the "ene" function of an alkene & the "amino" group of an amine |
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Definition
| reduction of the C=O group to CH2 |
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| condensating a hydrazine with aldehydes/ketones to produce a simple hydrazine which undergoes decomposition with evolution of nitrogen when treated with base at high temperatures; reduces an aldehyde/ketone to its CH2 form |
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| a hydroxyalkanenitrile adduct formed when hydrogen cyanide adds reversibly to the carbonyl group |
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| a carbanion that is stabilized by an adjacent, positively charged phosphorous group; attacks aldehydes/ketones in the Wittig reaction |
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| the resulting molecule when the negatively polarized carbon in the ylide is nucleophilic & can attack the carbonyl group |
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| oxaphosphacyclobutane (oxaphosphetane) |
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Definition
| a four-membered ring containing phosphorous & oxygen; formed from the rapid decomposition of the phosphorous betaine |
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