Term
| antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) |
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Definition
| drugs used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurological disorder involving muscle rigidity, hand tremors, and other involuntary muscle movements, commonly experienced by people taking antipsychotic medications |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs used primarily in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs commonly but often inapproprialy prescribed for patients who complain of unhappiness, anxiety, or worry |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug frequently given to people suffering from bipolar disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| the apparent sucess of a medication or treatment due to the patient's expectations or hopes rather than to the drug or treatment itself |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of a drug that is enough but not too much, taking into account the fact that the same dose of a drug may be metabolized differently in men and women, old and young, and different ethnic groups |
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Term
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Definition
| any surgical procedure that destroys selected areas of the brain believed to be involved in emotional disorders or violent, impulsive behaviour |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| a procedure used in cases of prolonged and severe major depression, in which a brief brain seizure is induced |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasized unconscious motives and conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychodynamic therapies, the process of saying freely whatever comes to mind in connection with dreams, memories, fantasies, or conflicts |
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Term
| psychodynamic ("depth") therapies |
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Definition
| psychotherapiues that share the psychoanalytic goal of exploring the unconscious dynamics of personality, although they differ from Freudian analysis in various ways |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychodynamic therapies, a critical process in which the client transfers unconscious emotions or reactions, such as emotional feelings about his or her parents, onto the therapist |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of therapy that applies principles of classical and operant conditioning to help people change self-defeating or problematic behaviours |
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Term
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Definition
| in behaviour therapy, a method in which a person suffering from a phobia or panic attacks is gradually taken into the feared situation or exposed to a traumatic memory until the anxiety subsides |
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Term
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Definition
| in behaviour therapy, a form of exposure treatment in which the client is taken directly into the feared situation until his or her panic subsides |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| in behaviour therapy, a step-by-step process of desensitizing a client to a feared object or experience; it is based on the classical-conditioning procedure of counterconditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a process of paring conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response |
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Term
| behavioural self-monitoring |
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Definition
| in behaviour therapy, a method of keeping careful data on the frequency and consequences of the behaviour to be changed |
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Term
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Definition
| in behviour therapy, an effort to teach the client skills that he or she may lack, as well as new constructive behaviours to replace self-defeating ones |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of therapy designed to identify and change irrational, unproductive ways of thinking and, hence, to reduce negative emotions |
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Term
| rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) |
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Definition
| a form of cognitive therapy devised by Albert Ellis, designed to challenge the client's unrealistic thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of psychotherapy based on the philosophy of humanism, which emphasizes the client's free will to change rather than past conflicts |
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Term
| client-centered (nondirective) therapy |
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Definition
| a humanist approach, devised by Carl Rogers, which emphasized the therapist's empathy with the client and the use of unconditional positive regard |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| to Carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no conditions attached |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of therapy designed to help clients explore the meaning of existence and face the great questions of life, such as death, freedom, alienation, and loneliness |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to doing therapy with individuals or families holding that an individual's problem develops in the context of the family, that is sustained by the dynamics of the family, and that any change the individual makes will affect all members of the family |
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Term
| family-systems perspective |
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Definition
| an approach to doing therapy with individuals or families by identifying how each family member forms part of a larger interacting system |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to doing therapy with couples, in which the therapist sees both partners and helps them to manage the inevitable conflicts that occur in all relationships |
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Term
| integrative approach to psychology |
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Definition
| drawing on methods and ideas from various schools and avoiding strong allegiances to any one theory enables therapists to treat clients with whatever methods are most appropriate and effective |
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Term
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Definition
| the bond of confidence and mutual understanding established between therapist and client, which allows them to work together to solve the client's problem |
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Term
| scientist-practitioner gap |
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Definition
| the breach between scientist and therapists over different assumptions held by researchers and many clinicians regarding the value of empirical research for doing psychotherapy and for assessing its effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of individuals to increase their liking of something that they have worked hard or suffered to attain; a common form of dissonance reductions |
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Term
| randomized controlled trials |
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Definition
| research designed to determine the effectiveness of a new medication or form of therapy, in which people with a given problem or disorder are randomly assigned to one or more treatment groups or to a control group |
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Term
| multisystemic therapy (MST) |
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Definition
| an important community intervention whose practitioners combine family systems techniques with behavioural methods, but apply them in the context of forming "neighbourhood partnerships" with local leaders, residents, parents, and teachers to help prevent or reduce teenagers' problems |
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Term
| motivational interviewing |
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Definition
| a therapy for treating alcohol abuse that focuses specifically on increasing a client's motivation to change problem drinking |
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