Term
| Overview of Circulation: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Blood leaves the heart via arteries that branch repeatedly until they become capillaries |
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Term
| Overview of Circulation: Step 2 |
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Definition
| Oxygen and nutrients diffuse across capillary walls and enter tissues |
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Term
| Overview of Circulation: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide and wastes move from tissue into the blood |
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Term
| Overview of Circulation: Step 4 |
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Definition
| Oxygen-deficient blood leaves the capillaries and flows in veins to the heart |
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Term
| Overview of Circulation: Step 5 |
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Definition
| This blood flows to the lungs where it releases CO2 and picks up O2 |
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Term
| Overview of Circulation: Step 6 |
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Definition
| Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart |
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Term
| What kind of tissue is blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is blood composed of? |
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Definition
| liquid plasma and formed elements |
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Term
| What are the formed elements of blood? |
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Definition
| erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| percentage of RBC out of the total blood volume |
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Term
| What are the glycoprotein antigens on the RBC membranes used for? |
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Definition
| unique to the individual, determines blood type, recognized as foreign of transfused into another individual |
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Term
| How many varieties of RBC are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major blood groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the minor blood groups? |
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Definition
| M, N, Dufy, Kell, and Lewis |
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Term
| Why is knowing the major blood groups important? |
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Definition
| vigorous transfusion reactions when they are improperly transfused |
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Term
| Why is knowing the minor blood groups important? |
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Definition
| Important with multiple transfusions |
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Term
| What do the ABO glood groups consist of? |
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Definition
| Proteins A and B on the surface of the RBC, anti-A/B in the plasma |
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Term
| Type A blood expresses what proteins and what Antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type B blood expresses what proteins and what Antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type AB blood expresses what proteins and what Antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type O blood expresses what proteins and what Antigens? |
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Definition
| No proteins, anti-A and anti-B |
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Term
| What does the Rh group deal with? |
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Definition
| Whether or not the blood is +/- |
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Term
| Why is the Rh group important? |
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Definition
| If the Rh protein is lacking the patient expresses anti-Rh |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is blood's temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the proteins contained within plasma? |
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Definition
| albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, and others |
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Term
| What are the organic nutrients contained within plasma? |
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Definition
| glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids |
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Term
| What are the electrolytes contained within plasma? |
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Definition
| sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate |
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Term
| What are the respiratory gases contained within plasma? |
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Definition
| oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
| What are other solutes contained within plasma? |
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Definition
| lactic acid, urea, creatinine |
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Term
| What breaks down to form platelets? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long do formed elements survive in the bloodstream for? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are blood cells renewed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of the plasma membrane protein spectrin and others? |
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Definition
| give rbc their flexibility allow them to change shape as necessary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is hemoglobin composed of? |
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Definition
| protein globin, made up of two alpha and two beta chains, each bound to a heme group |
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Term
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Definition
| Hb bound to oxygen, O2 loading takes place in the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Hb after oxygen diffuses into tissues, reduced Hb |
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Term
| What is Carbaminohemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Hb bound to CO2. CO2 loading takes plac eint he tissues |
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Term
| What is carboxyhemoglobin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is methoxyhemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Hb contianing ferric (Fe3+) instead of Ferrous (Fe2+) |
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Term
| Why can ferric (Fe3+) instead of ferrous (Fe2+) Hb containing groups be troublesome? |
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Definition
| Ferric can't bid or release oxygen as well |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where does hetapoiesis occur? |
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Definition
| red bone marrow of the axial skeleton and girdles, epiphyses of the humerus and femur |
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Term
| What gives rise to all formed elements? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is hemocytoblast transformed into during erythropoiesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a proerythroblast develop into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to change a proerythroblast into a early erythroblast? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes an early erythroblast to change into a late eryhtroblast/normoblast? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to change a normoblast into a reticulocyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cell leaves teh red bone marrow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to a reticulocyte after leaving the red bone marrow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What leads to tissue hypoxia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Too many RBCs causes what? |
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Definition
| undersirable blood viscosity |
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Term
| How is erythropoiesis controlled? |
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Definition
| Hormonally and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids and B viatmins |
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Term
| Where is erythropoietin (EPO) released from? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is erythropoietein triggered by? |
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Definition
| hypoxia, decreased O2 availability, increased tissue demand for oxygen |
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Term
| What does enhanced erythropoesis increase? |
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Definition
| RBC count in circulating blood, oxygen carrying ability of the blood |
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Term
| What does erythropoietin stimulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does erythropoiesis require? |
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Definition
| Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, iron vitamin B12, folic acid |
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Term
| Where does the body store iron? |
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Definition
| hemoglobin, liver, spleen, bone marrow |
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Term
| Where is most of the body's iron stored? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is intracellular iron stored? |
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Definition
| Protein-iron complexes such as ferritin and hemosiderin |
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Term
| What is the role of transferrin? |
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Definition
| transport protein that binds circulating iron |
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Term
| What is the life span of an erythrocyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens as RBCs age? |
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Definition
| become rigid and fragile, Hb begins to degenerate |
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Term
| What happens to dying RBCs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens as the RBC is engulfed by the macrophages? |
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Definition
| heme and globin are separated and iron salvaged for reuse |
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Term
| What happens to heme after RBC death? |
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Definition
| degraded to a yellow pigment called bilirubin |
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Term
| What do the intestines metabloize bile into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to urobilinogen? |
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Definition
| leaves the body in feces, pigment called stercobilin |
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Term
| What happens to globin after RBC death? |
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Definition
| metabolized into amino acids and is released into the circulation |
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Term
| What happens to Hb that is released into the blood? |
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Definition
| Captured by haptoglobin and phagocytized. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood has abnormally low O2 carrying capacity |
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Term
| What are the signs of anemia? |
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Definition
| fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills |
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Term
| What is the result of acute or chronic loss of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
| prematurely ruptured RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow |
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Term
| What can Iron-deficiency anemia result from? |
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Definition
| secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia, inadequate intake of iron-containing foods, impaired iron absorption |
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Term
| What can pernicious anemia result from? |
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Definition
| vitamin b12 deficiency, lack of intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| absent of faulty globin chain in Hb |
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Term
| What happens to RBCs as a result of Thalassemias? |
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Definition
| RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in Hb |
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Term
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Definition
| excess RBCs that increase blood viscocity, taxing the heart |
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Term
| What are the three main polycythemias? |
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Definition
| polycythemia vera, secondary polycythemia, blood doping |
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Term
| Which blood component are complete cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can leukocytes leave capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| WBC count over 11,000 / mm3. Normal response to bacterial/viral invasion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| High immature WBC count, incapable of fighting |
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Term
| What happens as a result of leukemia? |
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Definition
| Immature cells starves out other components of blood |
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Term
| What are the two types of leukocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the granulated leukocytes? |
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Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
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Term
| WHat are the agranulated leukocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat is different about agranulated leukocytes? |
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Definition
| Specificity, have 'memory' |
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Term
| What do the granules of neutrophils contain? |
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Definition
| peroxidases, hydrolytic enzymes, defensins |
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Term
| How do neutrophils destroy bacteria and some parasites? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the roles of eosinophils? |
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Definition
| lead the body's counterattack against parasitic worms, lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes |
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Term
| What do the granules of basophils contain? |
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Definition
| histamine, seretonin, heparin |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs (antihistamines counter this effect) |
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Term
| Where are lymphocytes typically found? |
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Definition
| enmeshed in lymphoid tissue (some circulate the blood) |
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Term
| What are the two types of lymphocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are T lymphocytes made? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of T cells? |
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Definition
| function in the immune response |
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Term
| What is the role of B cells? |
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Definition
| give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies |
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Term
| Where are B lymphocytes made? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when monocytes leave circulation and enter tissue? |
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Definition
| differentiate into macrophages |
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Term
| Where are macrophages (differentiated monocytes) found? |
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Definition
| lung, liver, and other immune tissue |
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Term
| What do macrophages activate? |
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Definition
| lymphocytes to mount an immune response. |
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Term
| What is the other role of macrophages? |
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Definition
| educate the immune system, trains lymphocytes what to eat |
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Term
| What do the granules of platelets contain? |
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Definition
| serotonin, CA2+, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) |
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Term
| What is platelets function in the clotting mechanism? |
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Definition
| forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels |
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Term
| How are platelets not involved in clotting kept inactive by? |
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Definition
| nitrous oxide and prostacyclin |
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Term
| How is a platelet formed? |
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Definition
| Hemocytoblast > Megakaryoblast > Promegakaryocyte > Megacaryocyte > Platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| reactions for stoppage of bleeding |
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Term
| WHat happens during hemostasis? |
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Definition
| vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation |
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Term
| What are vascular spasms? |
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Definition
| immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury |
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Term
| Upon dmage to blood vessel endothelium platelets adhere to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What helps in adhering the platelets to collagen? |
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Definition
| von Willebrand factor (VWF) |
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Term
| What do the activated platelets produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat does thromboxane A2 do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the platelets after sticking to exposed collage fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| After the platelets have adhered to collagen what do they release? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens as a result of the release of serotonin and ADP from platelets? |
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Definition
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Term
| What limits the platelet plug? |
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Definition
| prostacyclin to the immediate area of injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel |
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Term
| What are the two pathways of coagulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are teh three final steps of this series of reactions? |
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Definition
| prothrombin activator is formed, prothrombin is converted into thrombin, thrombin catalyzed the joining of fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh |
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Term
| What is the intrinsic activator? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the extrinsic activator? |
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Definition
| tissue factor leaking out |
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Term
| How is coagulation initiated by? |
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Definition
| Either intrinsic or extrinsic pathway |
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Term
| What does each pathway cascade toward? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens once factor X is activated? |
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Definition
| complexes with calcium ions, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator |
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Term
| What does prothrombin activator do? |
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Definition
| catalyzes teh transformation of prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin |
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Term
| What forms the structural basis of a clot? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What happens to plasma as a result of fibrin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when thrombin is in the presence of calcium ions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when factor XIII activates? |
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Definition
| cross-links fibrin, strengthens and stabilizes the clot |
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Term
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Definition
| stabilization of the clot by squeezing serum from the fibrin strands. |
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Term
| What stimulates rebuilding of blood vessel wall? |
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Definition
| PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor |
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Term
| What is blood vessel repair stimulated by? |
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Definition
| vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF), endothelial cells multiply and restore the endothelial lining |
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Term
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Definition
| swift removal of clotting factors, inhibition of activated clotting factors via dilution |
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Term
| What happens to thrombin that is not absorbed to fibrin? |
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Definition
| is inactivated by antithrombin III |
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Term
| What is the role of heparin? |
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Definition
| an anticoagulant, also inhibits thrombin activity |
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Term
| How does fibrin act as an anticoagulant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the binding of fibrin to thrombin prevent? |
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Definition
| positive feedback effects of coagulation, ability to speed up the production of prothrombin activator via factor V, acceleration of the intrinsic pathway by activating platelets |
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Term
| Extrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 0 |
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Definition
| Tissue cell trauma causes exposure of blood, releasing Tissue Factor |
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Term
| Extrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Tissue Factor attracts Ca2+ |
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Term
| Extrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 2 |
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Definition
| Presence of Ca2+ activates Factor VII |
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Term
| Extrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Complex of VIIa/Tissue Factor formed |
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Term
| Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 0 |
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Definition
| Collagen exposure due to vessel rupture |
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Term
| Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Exposure of collagen attracts platelets to cling to vessel providing surface for mobilization of factors |
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Term
| Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Factor XIIa activates factor XI |
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Term
| Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 4 |
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Definition
| Factors XIa, VIIa, and Ca2+ activate factor IX |
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Term
| Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 5 |
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Definition
| Factor IXa activates factor VIII |
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Term
| Intrinsic Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 6 |
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Definition
| Factor IXa and VIIIa form IXa/VIIIa complex |
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Term
| Common Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 0 |
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Definition
| Presence of IXa/VIIIa and/or VIIa/TF activates factor X |
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Term
| Common Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Xa complexes with Ca2+ and PF3 |
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Term
| Common Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 2 |
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Definition
| XaCa2+PF3 complex activates Factor 5 |
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Term
| Common Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 3 |
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Definition
| XaVaCa2+PF3 complexes to form prothrombin activator |
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Term
| Common Pathway to Prothrombin Activator: Step 4 |
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Definition
| Prothrombin activator activates prothrombin to thrombin |
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Term
| Common Pathway to Fibrin Mesh: Step 1 |
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Definition
| Presence of Thrombin activates Factor XIII, converts Fibrinogen into Fibrin |
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Term
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Definition
| Cross weaves fibrin then precipitates out of solution when dense and heavy enough and goes to where needed |
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