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| is voluntary, often spontaneous activity engaged in by a large number of people and that may violate dominant group norms and values. it is spontaneous, unplanned, no goals. |
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| Factors that contribute to collective behavior include: |
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Definition
Structural factors that increase the chances of people responding in a particular way.
Timing
Breakdown in social control mechanisms and corresponding feeling of normlessness.
Common stimulus |
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| Forms of Collective Behavior |
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Definition
| Crowds,Casual,Conventional,Expressive,Acting, Protest |
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| – collections of people responding to same stimulus in one another’s immediate presence; have common mood, identity. |
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| come together for a scheduled event and share a common focus (concert, game, event) |
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| gather to express emotion with others who experience similar emotions (revival, pep rally) |
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come together to act out emotions – so intensely focused that they may become violent.. Mob – highly emotional crowd engaging in violence against specific target
Riot – violent crowd fueled by deep-seated emotion but not at a specific target
Panic – large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior to a real or perceived threat |
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| engage in activities to achieve specific political goals (civil disobedience) |
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| respond to stimulus in same way although geographically separated |
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| short lived, minor or socially approved style or appearance |
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| ultimate fad or craze, compulsive and irrational – widely felt fear and anxiety based on erroneous belief |
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| unsupported reports of events or projected events that can spark riots, panics, mobs |
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| attitudes and beliefs communicated by citizens to decision makers |
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| Explanations of collective behavior |
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Definition
| Contagion theory , Social Unrest and Circular Reaction, Convergence theory, Emergent norms theory |
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Definition
LeBon – emotions spread through crowd like virus
crowd produces profound changes in psychology of members
Collective mind produces anonymity and sense of invulnerability– checks on behavior are stripped away |
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| Social Unrest and Circular Reaction –Park |
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Definition
| Added these concepts to LeBon’s theory. Social unrest is transmitted by interactive communication about discontent |
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Definition
– people are predisposed to behavior; focuses on shared emotions, goals, beliefs that people bring to event
Gathering provides setting for release of latent feelings not expressed in other situations
Certain crowds attract people who are inclined to behave in specific irrational ways |
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Definition
behavior is not norm less – new norms are established to fit situation
Crowds develop their own definition of situation and develop norms, values, social relations and patterns of communication develop to fit needs of immediate situation
Not all individuals share the feelings but they remain a silent minority |
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Definition
| is an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action ..In summary – it is organized, planned, has goals |
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| Social movements arise because: |
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Definition
People experience discontent
Suffer change in life conditions
Rapid social change
Anomie and alienation
Rising expectations |
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| Explanations of social movements |
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Definition
| Relative deprivation theory , Resource mobilization .Social Constructionist (frame analysis) . New social movement theory |
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| Relative deprivation theory |
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Definition
| people compare achievements, become discontent and join movements to get their fair share; often occurs when rising expectations aren’t fulfilled |
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Definition
| people participate in movements when the movement has access to key resources (money, media, people who dedicate time) |
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| Social Constructionist (frame analysis |
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Definition
| assumes movements are interactive, symbolically defined and negotiated processes that involve participants, opponents, and bystanders. How we interpret the activities depends on the framework from which we perceive them. |
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| New social movement theory |
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Definition
| incorporates identity including race, class, gender and sexuality as resources of collective behavior and social movements such as environmental justice movements and eco-feminism |
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| Smelser’s value-added theory |
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| effort to change social environment |
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| conditions in social structure – channels of communication – larger national situation such as discrimination, societal discontinuities – necessary but not sufficient |
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| inconsistencies within immediate social environment such as conflict, acute deprivation – rapid social change, economic deprivation, etc. |
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| – identify forces and agents of discontent and programs to deal with situation – focus strain and identify targets of hostility – spread possible solutions to the problem |
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| focus on particular strain or condition and relate beliefs to concrete situation – events reinforce the beliefs |
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| leaders emerge – opposition weakness and vulnerability may stimulate mobilization – emotional contagion works people into action – mobilization of participants for action |
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| such as reaction of authorities – police move in to quell or authorities may ignore and allow movement to take action |
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| Life cycle of social movement |
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Definition
| Preliminary, Coalescence , Formalization , Institutionalization |
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| people become aroused about social conditions or develop new self conception – social unrest – period of arousal and new self image |
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| unorganized widespread hope for change – popular excitement – focus behavior and sharpen objectives – build solidarity and emotional attachments – unorganized hope for change |
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| hopes focus on specific objective – develop rules and policies – morale and sense of mission – need myths, heroes, martyrs as focus of loyalty |
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| division of labor and stated objectives – formally composed with ideology and statement of purpose, plan of action- |
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| Types of social movements |
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Definition
| Reform social movement , Revolutionary social movement |
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Definition
try to improve society by changing an aspect of society
Influence public opinion
Enlist middle class for exploited
Reaffirm societal values
Example: Southern Christian Leadership Council; disability rights |
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| Revolutionary social movement |
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Definition
seek to bring about total change in society
Religious conversion
Direct appeal to the exploited
Try to destroy societal values
Example: Black Panthers; Terrorists (calculated unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against people or property to intimidate or coerce government, organization or individual to gain objective) |
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| resist change or try to undo it– dissatisfied because change is too fast – scapegoat by focusing frustration on other sources – example: Ku Klux Klan |
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| – seek radical change in individual based on spiritual belief system |
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| limited change in some aspect of behavior – movement to limit drinking or be vegetarian |
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| within confining social system , modify reactions to fit reality – inner change |
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| believe end of world is near so need to change fast |
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| Physical environment ,Population changes ,Technology, Social institutions |
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| can produce changes and people can change the physical environment |
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| impact culture and society |
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| creates social change and even creates potential disasters (toxic waste, global warfare) |
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| are changing and impacting society |
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