Term
| The kidneys and ureters are located in the ____________ space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ glands are located directly superior to the kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which structures create a 20 degree angle between the upper pole and lower pole of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specific name for the mass of fat that surrounds each kidney? |
|
Definition
| Adipose capsule of perirenal fat |
|
|
Term
| What degree of rotation from supine is required to place the kidneys parallel to the IR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two landmarks can be palpated to locate the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Halfway between the xiphoid process and the iliac crest |
|
|
Term
| Which term describes an abnormal drop of the kidneys when the patient is placed erect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List three functions of the urinary system: |
|
Definition
1. remove nitrogenous waste
2. regulate water levels in the body
3. regulate acid-base balance and electrolyte levels of the blood |
|
|
Term
| a buildup of nitrogenous waste in the blood is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the longitudinal fissure found along the central medial border of the kidney is called the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the peripheral or outer portion of the kidney is called the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the term that describes the total functioning portion of the kidney is _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the microscopic functional and structural unit of the kidney is the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which structure of the medulla is made up of a collection of tubules that drain into the minor calyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another (older) name for glomerular capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F:The glomerular capsule and proximal and distal convoluted tubules are located in the medulla of the kidney. |
|
Definition
| False - located in the cortex |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The efferent arterioles carry blood to the glomeruli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two processes move urine through the ureters to the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which one of the following structures is located most anterior as compared with the others?
-proximal ureters
-kidneys
-urinary bladder
-suprarenal glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the junction found between the distal ureters and urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the inner, posterior region of the bladder formed by the two ureters entering and the urethra exiting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the small gland found just inferior to the male bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the total capacity for the average adult bladder is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which one of the following structures is considered to be most posterior?
-ovaries
-urethra
-vagina
-kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the term IVP incorrect in describing a radiographic examination of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder following intravenous injection of contrast media? |
|
Definition
| An IVP (intravenous pyelogram) is the study of the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| What is the correct abbreviation for the examination of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder following intravenous injection of contrast media |
|
Definition
| Intravenous urogram (IVU) |
|
|
Term
| Which specific aspect of the kidney is visualized during an IVU? |
|
Definition
| the collecting system of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| What is a common pathologic indication for an IVU? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following conditions is described as a rare tumor if the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Backward return flow of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess urea and creatinine in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complete cessation of urinary secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passage of a large volume of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diminished amount of urine being excreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| presence of glucose in urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| constant or frequent involuntary passage of urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| absence of functioning kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indicated by presence of uremia, oliguria, or anuria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enlargement of the prostate gland |
|
Definition
| benign prostatic hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| fusion of the lower poles of kidneys during the development of the fetus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| artificial opening between the urinary bladder and aspects of the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a large stone that grows and completely fills the renal pelvis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased blood pressure to the kidneys due to atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal kidney that fails to ascent into the abdomen but remains in the pelvis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multiple cysts in one of both kidneys |
|
Definition
| polycystic kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| rapid excretion of contrast media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mucosal changes within bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bilateral, small kidneys with blunted calyces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| irregular appearance of renal parenchyma or collecting system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of abnormal fluid collections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abnormal rotation of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elevated or indented floor of bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signs of obstruction of urinary system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a condition characterized by regions or areas of subcutaneous swelling due to allergic reaction to food or drugs is termed: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraction of the muscles within the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, produces a restriction of air passing through them, is a condition called ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loss of consciousness due to reduced cerebral blood flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a trademark name for a diuretic drug is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an eruption of wheals (hives) often due to hypersensitivity to food or drugs is a condition termed: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of renal calculi is often associated with chronic urinary tract infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: the patient should void before a IVU to prevent possible rupture of the bladder if compression is applied. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary purpose of ureteric compression |
|
Definition
| to enhance filling of the pelvicalyceal system with contrast media |
|
|
Term
| List the 6 conditions that could contraindicate the use of ureteric compressions: |
|
Definition
1. possible ureteric stones
2. abdominal mass
3. abdominal aortic aneurism
4. recent abdominal surgery
5. severe abdominal pain
6. acute abdominal trauma |
|
|
Term
| When does the timing for an IVU start? |
|
Definition
| at start of injection of contrast media |
|
|
Term
| List the 5 step imaging sequence for the routine IVU: |
|
Definition
1. 1 minute nephrogram or nephrotomography
2. 5 minute full KUB
3. 10-15 minute full KUB
4. 20 minutes posterior R and L oblique positions
5. Postvoid (prone PA or erect AP) |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary difference between a standard and a hypertensive IVU? |
|
Definition
| hypertensive requires a shorter span of time between projections |
|
|
Term
| in which department are most retrograde urograms performed? |
|
Definition
| surgery (inpatient or outpatient facility) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: a retrograde urogram examines the anatomy and function of the pelvicalyceal system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: the brodney clamp is used for male and female retrograde cystourethrograms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following involves a direct introduction of the contrast media into the structure being studied? |
|
Definition
Retrograde urogram
Retrograde cystogram
Retrograde urethrogram |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following alternative imaging modalities is not routinely being used to diagnose renal calculi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Urinary studies on pediatric patients should be scheduled early in the morning to minimize the risk for dehydration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Nuclear medicine is highly effective in demonstating signs of vesicoureteral reflux |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: the number of retrograde urography procedures for urethral calculi has been reduced as a result of the increased use of CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who should the technologist contact if he or she has difficulty placing the needle into the vein of a pediatric patient during IVU? |
|
Definition
| phlebotomist or physician |
|
|
Term
| T/F: the patient does not require extensive bowel preparation before a CT scan for renal calculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which imaging modality is used to detect subtle tissue changes following a renal transplant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 reasons a scout projection is taken before the injection of contrast media for an IVU? |
|
Definition
1. verify patient prep.
2. determine whether exposure factors are acceptable
3. verify positioning
4. detect any abnormal calcifications |
|
|
Term
| what kv range is recommended for an IVU? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which ionization chambers should be activated for an AP scout projection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: both the female midline does and the female gonadal does for an average unshielded AP projection for an IVU are in the 100-200 mrad range. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: male and female patients should have the gonads shielded for an AP scout projection. |
|
Definition
| FALSE - not females, it would obscure anatomy |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Tomograms taken during an IVU with an exposure angle of 10 degrees or less are called zonography |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many tomograms (zonograms) are usually produced during a routine IVU? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what stage of an IVU is the renal parenchyma best seen? |
|
Definition
| within 1 minute following injection |
|
|
Term
| where is the CR centered for a nephrotomogram? |
|
Definition
| midway between the xiphoid process and the iliac crest |
|
|
Term
| which specific position, taken during an IVU, will place the left kidney parallel to the IR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much obliquity is reuired for the LPO/RPO projections taken during an IVU? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which position will best demonstrate possible nephroptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How will an enlarged prostate gland appear on a postvoid radiograph taken during an IVU? |
|
Definition
| the prostate gland will indent the floor of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| Where should the pneumatic paddle be placed for the uretic compression phrase of an IVU? |
|
Definition
| just medial to the ASIS and lateral to the spine (placed over the outer pelvic brim) |
|
|
Term
| what can be done to enhance filling of the calyces of the kidney if ureteric compression in contraindicated? |
|
Definition
| place the patient in a 15* Trendelenburg position |
|
|
Term
| what specific anatomy is examined during a retrograde ureterogram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what specific anatomy is examined during a retrograde ureterogram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a retrograde pyelogram is primarily a nonfunctional study of the ________ |
|
Definition
| renal pelvis, major and minor calyces of the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| what CR angle is used for the AP projection taken during a cystogram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: for a lateral cystogram, both the male and female dose are in the 100 (+or-50) mrad range. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which specific position is recommended for a male patient during a voided cystourethrogram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The kidneys are _____ structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ureters enter the ________ aspect of the bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the kidneys lie on the _________ (anterior or posterior) surface of each psoas major muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The kidneys lie at a _______ angle in relation to the coronal plane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three constricted points along the length of the ureters where a kidney stone is most likely to lodge are: |
|
Definition
| ureteropelvic junction; uretovesical junction; near brim of pelvis |
|
|
Term
| An abnormal drop of more than ______ inches or ______ cm in the position of the kidneys when the patient is erect indicates a condition termed nephroptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The buildup of nitrogenous waste in the blood creates a condition called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much urine is normally produced by the kidneys in 24 hours? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the renal veins connect directly to the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 8 to 18 conical masses found within the renal medulla are called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the major calyces of the kidneys unite to form the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the microscopic init of the kidney (of which there are more than 1 million in each kidney) is called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: the loop of henle and collecting tubules are located primarily in the medulla of the kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: about 50% of the glomerular filtrate processed by the nephron is reabsorbed into the kidneys venous system |
|
Definition
| FALSE - 99% is reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
| The inner, posterior triangular aspect of the bladder that is attached to the floor of the pelvis is called the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what circumstances should a pregnant patient have an IVU performed? |
|
Definition
| when benefit of the procedure outweigh the risk of radiation exposure |
|
|
Term
| List the two classes of iodinated contrast media used for urinary studies: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The normal range of creatine in an adult is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long must a patient be withheld from taking Metformin following an iodinated contrast media procedure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following conditions is considered high risk for an iodinated contrast media procedure?
-hematuria
-pheochromocytoma
-diabetes mellitus
-hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best course of action for a patient experiencing a mild level contrast media reaction? |
|
Definition
| observe and reassure the patient |
|
|
Term
which of the following is an example of a vasovagal reaction?
-itching
-angioedema
-cardiac arrythmias
-urticaria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A true allergic reaction to iodinated contrast agents is classified as an: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tachycardia (>100 beats/min) is a symptom of a _______ type of reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| brachycardia (<50 beats/min) is a symptom of a ______ type of reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following drugs may be given to minimize the risk for acute renal failure following a contrast media procedure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metformin is a drug given to patients with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which one of the following drugs can be given as part of the predication protocol before an iodinated contrast media procedure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to the fluid intake is the general definition for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| constant or frequent involuntary passage of urine is termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the absence of a functioning kidney is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complete cessation of urinary secretion by the kidneys is termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Adult forms of polycystic disease are inherent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypernephroma is another term for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extravasation is classified as an _________ reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Laryngeal swelling is classified as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hot flashes are classified as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which vein is not normally selected for venipuncture during an IVU |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what angle is the needle advanced into the vein during venipuncture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long should the venipuncture site be cleaned with an alcohol wipe before needle insertion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how high should the tourniquet be placed above the puncture site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Bladder carcinoma is 3x more common in males than females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which condition my produce hydronephrosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which pathologic indication is an example of a congenital anomaly of the urinary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: the patient should void before the IVU to prevent dilution of the contrast media in the bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for a patients BUN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what timing sequence during an IVU are the oblique projections taken? |
|
Definition
| 20 minutes following injection |
|
|
Term
| Which projections best demonstrate the renal parenchyma? When should it (they) be taken? |
|
Definition
| Nephrogram or Nephrotomography; immediately after completion of injection |
|
|
Term
| Which procedure may require a Brodney Clamp? |
|
Definition
| Retrograde urethrogram on a male patient |
|
|
Term
| What specific body position will place the RIGHT kidney parallel to the IR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: The gonadal dose for the AP postvoid projection is higher for male patients than for female patients. |
|
Definition
| FALSE - higher for female |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The retrograde ureterogram will demonstrate the ureters, renal pelvis, and major and minor calyces. |
|
Definition
| FALSE - primarily the ureter |
|
|
