Term
|
Definition
-Transmission and conduction of nerve impulses
-Contraction of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
-Glycolysis
-Protein synthesis from amino acids
-Regulation of osmolality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insufficient potassium (below 3.5 mEq/L) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell damage. Potassium leaks from the cells into the intravascular fluid and is excreted by the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What happens to Ka+ after cell damage |
|
Definition
| Potassium leaks from the cells into the intravascular fluid and is excreted from the kidneys. When cells lose Ka, Ka shifts from the blood plasma into the cells to restore Ka balance. Hypokalemia usually results |
|
|
Term
| Normal serum potassium level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much Kcl is needed to increase serum potassium level 1 mEq when levels are between 3.0 and 3.5 mEq/L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much Kcl is needed to increase serum potassium level 1 mEq when levels are less than 3.0 mEq/L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is potassium combined with when given orally or IV |
|
Definition
| An anion, such as chloride or bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| When Ka+ is given orally, how much fluid should accompany it, if any? |
|
Definition
| 1/2 glass at least - preferably one whole glass |
|
|
Term
| Can Ka+ be given Intravenously? |
|
Definition
Yes. It must be diluted in IV solutions.
IT IS NEVER GIVEN AS AN IV PUSH OR BOLUS!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
N/V
Polyuria
Confusion
Dysrhythmias
Abdominal distention
Soft, flabby muscles |
|
|
Term
| How is potassium excreted? (Percentages and how) |
|
Definition
80-90% in urine
8% in feces |
|
|
Term
| T/F - Potassium maintains neuromuscular activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be monitored when administering large doses of potassium? |
|
Definition
| EKG and serum potassium levels |
|
|
Term
| Hyperkalemia usually results from: |
|
Definition
| renal insufficiency or administration of large doses of potassium over time |
|
|
Term
| What may be prescribed to immediately decrease a temporary potassium excess in the serum potassium level? |
|
Definition
Sodium bicarb
Calcium gluconate
Insulin and glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nausea
Abdominal cramps
Oliguria
Tachycardia followed by bradycardia
Weakness
Numbness/tingling in extremities |
|
|
Term
| Potassium-wasting diuretics excrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium-sparing diuretics excrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some drugs that can cause hypokalemia |
|
Definition
Laxatives
Corticosteriods
Antibiotics
Potassium-wasting diuretics |
|
|
Term
| What drugs can cause hyperkalemia |
|
Definition
Oral and IV potassium salts
CNS agents
Potassium sparing diuretics |
|
|
Term
| What is the major cation in the ECF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal serum or plasma sodium level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major electrolyte that regulates body fluids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Promotes transmission and conduction of nerve impulses
Part of the sodium/potassium pump that causes cellular activity |
|
|
Term
| What happens when sodium shifts into the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when sodium shifts out of the cell? |
|
Definition
| Potassium shifts back into the cell and repolarization occurs |
|
|
Term
| What does sodium combine readily with to promote acid-base balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause sodium loss? |
|
Definition
Vomiting
diarrhea
surgery
potent diuretics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscle weakness
headaches
lethargy
confusion
seizures
abdominal cramps
nausea and vomiting
tachycardia
hypotension
pale skin
dry mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| What should be given for a serum sodium level between 125-135 mEq/L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be given for sodium levels lower than 115 mEq/L? |
|
Definition
| A hypertonic 3% saline solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flushed, dry skin
agitation
elevated body temp
rough, dry tongue
N/V
anorexia
tachycardia
hypertension
muscle twitching
hyperreflexia |
|
|
Term
| Dietary requirement for sodium? |
|
Definition
| 2-4 g/day... we all know sodium rich foods |
|
|
Term
| Normal serum calcium range |
|
Definition
4.5-5.5 mEq/L
or
9-11 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| What percent of calcium is bound to protein (in the body)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium unbound to protein is |
|
Definition
| Free, ionized calcium. This can cause a physiologic response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2.2-2.5 mEq/L
or
4.25-5.25 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Promote normal nerve and muscle activity.
Increase3s contraction of myocardium
Converts prothrombin into thrombin
Needed in formation of bone and teeth |
|
|
Term
| What is needed for absorption of calcium from the GI tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can result from hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
| Bone fractures due to loss from bones. |
|
|
Term
| What are common causes of hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
Hypoparathyroidism
vitamin D deficiency
multiple blood transfusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anxiety
irritability
tetany |
|
|
Term
| Calcium can be administered how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flabby muscles
pain over bony areas
kidney stones |
|
|
Term
| With what and why should calcium not be mixed? |
|
Definition
Normal saline solution
This is not done because sodium promotes calcium loss |
|
|
Term
| Magnesium is a (cation or anion) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When there is a loss of potassium, what electrolyte is also lost? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal serum magnesium level |
|
Definition
1.5-2.5 mEq/L
or
1.8-3 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Promotes transmission of neuromuscular activity
Mediator of neural transmission in the CNS
Promotes contraction of my |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Promotes transmission of neuromuscular activity
Mediator of neural transmission in the CNS
Promotes contraction of myocardium
Activates many enzymes for metabolism of carbs and protein
Responsible for transport of Na and Ka across cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| When there is a magnesium deficit, there is frequently what other types of deficits? |
|
Definition
| potassium or calcium deficit |
|
|
Term
| Hypotension and heart block may result from too much |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypomagnesemia is frequently undiagnosed because it is asymptomatic until serum magnesium levels approach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Magnesium and calcium absorption is inhibited by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be given to correct digitalis (digoxin) toxicity? |
|
Definition
Magnesium sulfate.
This is common practice afer bypass surgery or MIs to help prevent ventricular arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| Chloride is a(n) (cation or anion) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal serum chloride level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium and chloride have an inverse relationship. T/F |
|
Definition
False
During sodium retention, chloride is also frequently retained |
|
|
Term
| CM of hypochloremia include |
|
Definition
tremors
twitching
slow/shallow breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weakness
lethargy
deep/rapid breathing
unconsciousness (late) |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorus is a major (anion/cation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal serum phosphorus level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of phosphorus is ionized (free) and what percent is protein-bound? |
|
Definition
55% ionized
45% protein-bound |
|
|
Term
| Phosphorus is essential in |
|
Definition
bone and teeth formation
neuromuscular activity
important in DNA and RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscle weakness
tremors
paresthesia
bone pain
hyporeflexia
seizures
hyperventilation
anorexia
dysphagia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyperreflexia
tetany
flaccid paralysis
muscular weakness
tachycardia
nausea
diarrhea
abdominal cramps |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the body is made up of water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of the body's water is found in the ICF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What percent of the body's water is found in the ECF?
- what percent of that is found in interstitial fluids (tissue)
- what percent of fluids found in ECF are intravascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cations? |
|
Definition
Transmit nerve impulses to muscles
Contract skeletal and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
What is osmolarity?
What is its unit of measure? |
|
Definition
The osmotic pull exerted by all particles per unit of water. (concentration of body fluids)
mOsm/kg |
|
|
Term
| What is normal serum osmolality? (a figure) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of tonicity? |
|
Definition
| The effect of fluid on cellular volume |
|
|
Term
| What is the isotonicity range of IV fluid? (a figure) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is crystalloid fluid used for? |
|
Definition
| replacement and maintenance fluid therapy |
|
|
Term
| What's an easy way of calculating serum osmolality? |
|
Definition
| Double the serum sodium (this is approximate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are volume expanders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipid IVs are indicated when IV therapy lasts longer than 5 days. (TPN) |
|
|
Term
| How many mL/kg and mL/lb of water are needed per day for the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the normal levels of potassium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what general foods is potassium found? |
|
Definition
Fruits
Fruit juices
Veggies |
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended daily potassium intake? |
|
Definition
|
|
