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| A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of a new DNA fragment to the 5’ end of a growing chain. |
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| An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain. |
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| The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. |
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| An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. |
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| A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork. |
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| The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5’ ( 3’ direction. |
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| The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides. |
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Definition
| An enzyme that hydrolyzes DNA and RNA into their component nucleotides. |
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| nucleotide excision repair |
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Definition
| The process of removing and then correctly replacing a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide. |
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Definition
| A short segment of DNA synthesized on a template strand during DNA replication. Many Okazaki fragments make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA. |
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Definition
| An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer. |
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Definition
| A polynucleotide with a free 3´ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated during DNA replication. |
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Definition
| A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing. |
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| Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand. |
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Term
| single-strand binding protein |
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Definition
| During DNA replication, molecules that line up along the unpaired DNA strands, holding them apart while the DNA strands serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA. |
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Definition
| The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically, the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome’s DNA molecule. See also repetitive DNA. |
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Definition
| A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. |
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| A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule. |
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Definition
| A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides. |
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Definition
| A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. |
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Definition
| A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene. |
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Definition
| A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns. |
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Definition
| A mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons. |
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Definition
| A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. |
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Definition
| A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene. |
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Definition
| A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein. |
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Definition
| The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid. |
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Definition
| A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation. |
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Definition
| A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity. |
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Definition
| A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. |
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Definition
| A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair. |
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Definition
| A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA. |
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Definition
| The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins forms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons. |
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Definition
| An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing. |
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Definition
| An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription. |
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Definition
| Modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus, a process unique to eukaryotes. |
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Definition
| A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. |
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Definition
| A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex. |
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Definition
| The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template. |
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Definition
| A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes. |
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Definition
| An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA. |
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Definition
| The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of languagefrom nucleotides to amino acids. |
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