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| Ruffin v. Commonwealth of Virginia |
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| 1871-established slave of the state doctrine, saying that inmates basically have no rights in prison (start of hands-off doctrine) |
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| refusal of the S.C. to accept lawsuits filed by inmates |
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| 1948-supported hands-off doctrine, saying prison inmates must expect that part of their punishment for their crime is the loss of freedoms that free citizens take for granted |
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| 1964-black Muslim inmates suing for right to practice religion; ended the hands-off doctrine of the courts, and led to numerous inmate litigation issues over the next 50 years |
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| decisions of the courts that come before and are therefore binding on later decisions of courts within the same jurisdiction |
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| right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment |
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| 1970-conditions of confinement case in an Arkansas prison established the reasonable sensitivity standard, saying that if people of reasonable sensitivity found the overall conditions shocking, they would constitute cruel and unusual punishment |
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| 1979- jail searches and overall conditions (double bunking) of jail confinement in NYC was acceptable based on security needs of facility. Established the punitive intent standard |
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| states that the case should turn only on whether the practices in question violated detainees' rights to be free from punishment, using a standard of whether or not the individual restrictions were punitive or merely regulatory restraints, whether the practice is reasonably related to a legitimate goal other than punishment, and whether it appears to be excessive in relation to that alternative purpose |
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| 1893- test of proportionality. South Dakota case which says that punishments must be proportional to the offense |
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| may not be deprived of liberty without due process of law |
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| guarantees that no law shall be enacted that restricts an individual's freedom of religion, speech, or press |
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| 1974- freedom of speech challenge in WA. Established the balancing test, saying that prisoners retain first amendment rights provided they don't compromise legitimate penalogical objectives |
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| Civil Rights Act of 1871 (and section 1983 of that act) |
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| Provides access to federal court for violation of any person's constitutional rights |
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| Americans with Disabilities Act |
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Definition
| 1991-handicapped persons have access to public buildings and programs |
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| 2006-the ADA applies to incarcerated persons |
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| totality of conditions test |
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| Used to determine whether the overall conditions within a prison constitute cruel and unusual punishment |
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| 1976-Alabama prison case that established the totality of conditions test |
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| 1991-Ohio case that established the deliberate indifference standard that says in order to be found liable for damages, the inmates must prove that the state actors knew there was a rights violation but didn't act to correct it; they were deliberately indifferent to the problem |
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| Conditions required for inmates to practice their religion |
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| religion is duly established; practices desired by inmates are part of the basic tenets of the religion; practices do not present a clear and present danger to the security and orderly running of the prison |
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| 1972-religious freedom case, stating that inmates must be given reasonable opportunity to practice their religion |
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| 1977-case that prohibited CONS religion because it was not an established religion |
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| O'Lone v Estate of Shabazz |
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| 1987-prisons don't need to rearrange schedules to accomodate religious services |
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| 1996-MO case which mandated prisons must allow sweat lodges for Native American religious ceremonies |
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| 2008-reversed finding regarding sweat lodges in Hamilton v. Schriro |
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| 1987-key court case that established the legitimate penalogical interest standard which said that basically prisons could limit any constitutional rights of an inmate provided it could show that doing so was related to a legitimate penalogical interest, such as safety, security, or rehabilitation |
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| Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) |
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| 2000-government bears the burden of proof to demonstrate it has a compelling interest whenever it denies inmates practice of their religion |
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| 1976-prisons must provide medical care to people the state incarcerates |
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| 1980-deliberate indifference can result from repeated negligent acts (such as ignoring requests to see the dentist) |
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| the test established in Fernandez v. United States that medical care for inmates must be reasonably commensurate with medical care they would receive if not imprisoned |
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| 1971-prisons can ban books from a prison that create a clear and present danger to staff and other inmates |
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| 1989- wardens can ban books that disrupt the orderly running of the facility |
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| 1978-to prevent smuggling of contraband, inmates may only receive books and magazine that come directly from the publisher |
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| 1969-inmates have the right to have full access to the courts, either through legal assistants, or by providing a fully stocked law library within the prison |
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| 1995-allows cross gender searches |
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| right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures |
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| 1974-established due process rights of inmates when they face disciplinary action for prison rule violations |
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| 1984-inmates have no rights to expectation of privacy within a prison |
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| Byrd v. Maricopa County Sheriff's Department 2009 |
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| 9th Circuit just reversed the lower court finding and said it was a 4th amendment violation to allow a man to be searched by a female cadet |
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| 1972-S.C. said the way capital crimes cases were being decided was arbitrary and capricious, and therefore unfair in the manner it was applied. This led to states revising their penal code and court procedures on how capital cases were being tried. Stopped all executions for four years. Bifurcated trials. |
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| used in capital cases, with guilt first established at a traditional trial, and if found guilty, a second stage of sentencing considers between death and life imprisonment |
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| 1976-first case that met the S.C.'s approval that the decision was not arbitrary |
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| 1977-capital punishment is excessive punishment for people convicted of rape |
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| 1986-determined that executing a mentally ill person violated the 8th amendment |
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| 2002-Determined that executing a mentally retarded person (IQ>70) was cruel and unusual punishment, and violated the 8th amendment |
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| 2004-Can't execute people who were under the age of 18 at the time of their crime |
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| 2008-lethal injection as a method of execution is not cruel and unusual punishment |
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