Term
| Who dominated life and politics in the thirteenth century? |
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Definition
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Term
| How fear back does Siena and Florence rivalry date? |
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Definition
| the contest for supremacy between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor during the time of Charlemagne. |
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Term
| Who did the Guelphs (Florence) side with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who did the Ghibellines (Siena) side with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who became the principal economic and political power in Tuscany? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were Siena and Florence? |
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Definition
| Republics, the nobiltiy did not rule them. |
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Term
| Out of the competition between Siena and Florence, what was born? |
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Definition
| the modern Western city as we know it-a more or less self-governing center of political, economic, and social activty, with public spaces, government buildings, and urban neighborhoods. |
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Term
| What inspired artists but also killed many people? |
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Definition
| The Black Disease- caused people to believe they were sinning. |
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Term
| What began in Florence and Siena two years with one another? |
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Definition
| The city halls and the broad plazas that fronted them, are eloquent symbols of the cities similarities and their intense sense of competition. |
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Term
| Where did both Siena and Florence cities' goverments meet? |
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Definition
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Term
| What explains why Siena was one of the most powerful cities in Europe in the late Middle Ages? |
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Definition
| The marriage of church and state |
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Term
| According to legend, who was the founders of Siena? |
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Definition
| Senius and Aschius the sons of Remus, who with his brother founded rome. Romulus had killed their father in a quarrel and the boys in retribution stole Rome's she-wolf shrine and carried it back to Siena, protected by a white cloud by at and a black cloud by night. |
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Term
| Citizens in Siena did what? |
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Definition
| pay allegiance not to feudal lords or papal authority but to the wealthiest citizens of the community, whose power base was founded on cooperation and the orderly conduct of affairs. |
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Term
| What was crucial to Sienna's growing success? |
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Definition
| A new model of government, celebrated by the painter Ambrogio Lorenzetti, in a fresco called "Allegory of Good Government" commissioned for the concil chamber of Siena's Palazzo Pubblico. |
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Term
| Who watched over Sienna's well being? |
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Definition
| The Virgin Mary, uniting civic and religious life. The city called itself, "ancient city of the virgin, and by 1317, a Maesta, or Virgin and Child In Majesty, occupied the end wall of the council chamber of the Palazzo Pubblico painted by Simone Maritini. |
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Term
| What demands of daily life in Sienna was required? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Sienna divided into? |
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Definition
| The town had long divided itself into three distinct neighborhoods, corresponding to the three ridges of the hillside on which the city stands. |
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Term
| Who or what was Sienna ruled by? |
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Definition
| The city was ruled by three consuls, one for each neighborhood. |
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Term
| What were Sienna's other divisions? |
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Definition
| The wealthiest Sienese nobles, called the grandi, or "great ones," lorded over smaller neighborhoods, or wards. The clergy, headed by a bishopp were independent, and local churches convents lay orginizations devoted to deeds of charity more or less self-governing. The common people organized themselves as military compaines. And competing arti, or guilds, exercised power over their members. |
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Term
| Like Siena, Florence was what? |
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Definition
| Extremely wealthy, and that wealth was based on trade |
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Term
| What city was the center of textile production in the Western world and played a central role in European trade markets? |
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Definition
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Term
| What city/s dyeing techniques was unsurpassed and to this day the formulas for the highly prized reds remain a mystery? |
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Definition
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Term
| Like Sienna, who made Florence a vital player in world trade? |
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Definition
| The city's bankers and moneylenders. Florentine bankers invented checks, credit, even life insurance. |
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Term
| What did Florence introduce? |
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Definition
| They introduced Europe's first single currency, the gold florin. |
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Term
| What was Florence to Europe? |
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Definition
| Europe's first bank, and its bankers were Europe's true nobility. |
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Term
| What other two cities in all of Italy could boast that they were republics like Siena and Florence? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who controlled the communes in both Florence and Sienna? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who in Sienna and Florence controlled the government? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who were the Arte dei Giudici? |
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Definition
| the lawyers guild in Florence |
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Term
| Who were the Arte della Lana? |
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Definition
| The wool guild in Florence |
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Term
| Who were the Arte di Seta |
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Definition
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Term
| Who were the Arte di Calimala? |
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Definition
| the cloth merchant guild in Florence |
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Term
| What did the city hall in Florence represent? |
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Definition
| city hall and the public gathering place represented the triumph of Guelph over Ghibelline, the merchant class over the aristocracy |
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Term
| Although the guilds exercised considerable influence over day-to-day life in fourteenth century Tuscany, who influenced the people more? |
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Definition
| The Church. It is natural, therefore, that in addition to building new city halls and public plazas, civic leaders turned their attention to the cathedrals. |
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Term
| Who took the lead, commisioning a new facade for its magnificent cathedral in 1284? |
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Definition
| Siena. The artist in charge, Giovanni Pisano, integrated features of the French Gothic style, such as the three portals and rose window, with the characteristic two-tone marble banding of the original Romanesque cathedral. |
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Term
| What was Giovanni Pisano's great innovation? |
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Definition
| His sculpture program, which incorporated freestanding sculptures of prophets and saints on the pinnacles, arches, and gables of the facade. |
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Term
| How did Florence respond to Siena building a cathedral? |
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Definition
| They built one themselves. The Arte della Lana formed the opera del Duomo, or Department of Works of the Duomo (Duomo comes from domus dei, or house of God) a committee in charge of building a new cathedral. |
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Term
| Aside form cathedrals, civic leaders engaged in building projects for the new urban religious orders who were? |
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Definition
| the dominicans, founded by the Spanish monk Dominic de Guzman, whose most famous theologian was Thomas Aquinas and the Franciscans, founded by Francis of Assisi. |
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Term
| What was the difference between tradional Benedictine monastic orders, which functioned apart from the world, from the Dominicans and the Franciscans? |
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Definition
| The Dominicans and the Franciscans were reformist orders, dedicated to active service in the cities, especially among the common people. |
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Term
| DId the Dominicans and Franciscans get along? |
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Definition
| They were rivals and they often established themselves on opposite sides of a city. |
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Term
| What was the Dominicans priority? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Franciscans commit themselves to? |
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Definition
| to a severe regimen of of prayer, meditation, fasting, and mortification of the flesh, based on Francis's conviction that one could come closer to God by rejecting worldly goods. |
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Term
| What city did the civic government and private citizens work to build the church of Santa Croce? |
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Definition
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