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| German-born physicist who offered startling new ideas on space, time, energy, and matter; in 1905, theorized that while the speed of light is constant, other things that seem constant, such as space and time are not; theory of relativity |
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| Albert Einstein's ideas about the interrelationships between time and space and between energy and matter |
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| Austrian physician; treated patients with psychological problems; constructed a theory about the human mind from his experiences, believed that much of human behavior is irrational; called the irrational part of the mind the unconscious; his ideas weakened faith in reason |
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| a philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions |
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| a 20th-century artistic movement that focuses on the workings of the unconscious mind |
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| a 20th-century style of popular music developed mainly by African-American musicians |
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| 1927, American pilot 33-hour solo flight from New York to Paris |
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| a government controlled by a temporary alliance of several political parties |
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| the republic that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933 |
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| the severe economic slump that followed the collapse of the U.S. stock market in 1929 |
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| 1932 the first president electd after the Depression had begun; began a program of government reform called the New Deal |
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| U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt's economic reform program designed to solve the problems created by the Great Depression |
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| a political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule |
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| newspaper editor and politician who boldly promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy and rebuilding its armed forces; vowed to give Italy strong leadership; founded the Fascist Party in 1919; abolished democracy and outlawed all political parties except the Fascists; used secret police, censored radio stations and publications; outlawed strikes |
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| the fascist policies of the National Socialist German Workers' party, based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state control of industry |
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| "My Struggle"-a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany |
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| "living space"-the additional territory that, according to Adolf Hitler, Germany needed because it was overcrowded |
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| elite, black uniformed unit called the SS (protection squad); only loyal to hitler; 1934, arrested and murdered hundreds of Hitler's enemies |
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| symbol of the German empire |
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| Argentina's president from 1946 to 1955 and 1973 to 1974; career army officer, went to Italy in 1939 for military training; a visit to Berlin impressed him as he got a chance to see Nazi Germany and the ability of Hitler and Mussolini to manipulate their citizens |
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| the making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war |
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| in World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936 |
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| July 1936, army leaders, favoring a Fascist-style government, joined General in a revolt; became Spain's Fascist dictator in early 1939 |
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| a policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries |
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| a 1938 meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and Germany, at which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia in return for Adolf Hitler's pledge to respect Czechoslovakia's new borders |
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| Ethiopian emperor; successfully resisted an Italian attempt at conquest during the 1890s, but fell in October 1935; urgently appealed to the League for help, but they did nothing |
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| April 26, 1937, Franco's German allies bombed the ancient Basque city of Guernica in Spain |
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| disagreed with Chamberlain; opposed appeasement policy and gloomily warned of its consequences |
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| German philosopher; influenced the existentialists; 1880s, wrote that Western ideas such as reason, democracy, and progress had stifled people's creativity and actions; urged a return to the ancient heroic values of pride, assertiveness, and strength; his ideas attracted growing attention in the 20th century and had a great impact on politics in Italy and Germany in the 1920s and 30s |
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