Term
| What are the major functions of the kidney? |
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Definition
| Excretory, Regulatory, and Metabolic |
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Term
| What are some examples of the Excretory function of kidneys? |
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Definition
| Waste-metabolic and removal of foreign chemicals |
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Term
| What are some examples of the Regulatory function of kidneys? |
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Definition
| pH, RBC production, blood pressure, H2O, ion balance |
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Term
| What are some examples of the Metabolic function of kidneys? |
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Definition
-Gluconeogenesis- kidney glucose from amino acids and other precursors and release it into blood.
-Production of hormones/enzymes: erythropoietin controls erythrocytes production, renin, enzymes control formation angiotensin, influence blood pressure and sodium, vitamin D |
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Term
| Name the major parts of a nephron. |
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Definition
| Glomerulus, proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct |
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Term
| What processes are carried out at the Glomerulus? |
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Definition
| Forms ultrafiltrates of plasma, controlled by starlings forces |
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Term
| What processes are carried out by the proximal tubule? |
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Definition
| bulk reabsorption of solutes and water, secretion of solutes (except potassium), and organic acids and bases, controlled by active transport of solute with passive water reabsorption and parathyroid hormones inhibit phosphate reabsorption |
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Term
| What processes are carried out by the Loop of Henle? |
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Definition
Establishes medullary osmotic gradient, secretion of urea
-Desending limb- bulk reabsorption of water controlled by passive water reabsorption
- Ascending limb- reabsorption of NaCl, controlled by active transport. |
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Term
| What is the processes carried out by the Distal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
| Fine-tuning of reabsorption/secretion of small quantity of solute remaining, controlled by aldosterone and by parathyroid hormone |
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Term
| What processes are carried out by the collecting ducts? |
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Definition
| Fine tuning of water reabsorption, reabsorption of urea, controlled by vasopressin increasing passive reabsorption of water. |
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Term
| What substances are produced by the kidney? |
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Definition
| Hormones and enzymes such as erythropoietin, 1,2-5-dihydroxyvitamin D and renin |
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Term
| What are the hormonal controls on renal activity? |
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Definition
| Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by renin which is converted to angiotensin II which increases plasma aldosterone and causes retention of salt and water. Others are listed in 2. |
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Term
| Define Glomerular filtration rate. |
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Definition
| Volume of fluid filtered from renal glomerular capillaries into Bowman;s capsule per unit of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of any substance filtered from renal glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of plasma from which a solute must be completely removed to supply what is being lost in the urine per unit of time. |
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Term
| Define transport maximum. |
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Definition
| The maximal amount of solute that can be reabsorbed per unit of time. At this maximum the transport process becomes saturated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Elimination of a substance from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Elaboration and release of organic molecules, ions and H2O by cells in response to specific stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| amount retaken up and not sent to urinary tubule for excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum plasma concentration of solute which exceed the transport maximum for the reabsorption of that solute. |
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Term
| What is required of a solute employed to measure Glomerular filtration rate? |
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Definition
Cant be protein bound, need it to be permeable.
Has to be filtered, but not reabsorbed, secreted or metabolized.
Creatine is used to approximate the GFR but undergoes a small amount of secretion so is not ideal |
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Term
| How can it be determined if a solute undergoes tubular reabsorption? |
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Definition
| Amount reabsorbed the difference between the amount entered and amount excreted. you know GFR, and know how much enter Bowman's capsule you can measure amount excreted from urine. |
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Term
| How can it be determined if a solute undergoes tubular excretion? |
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Definition
| you know GFR, and know how much enter Bowman's capsule you can measure amount excreted from urine. |
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Term
| How does the glomerulus differ from the other, more typically capillary beds? |
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Definition
| THe main difference is in the intracapillary hydrostatic pressure. |
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Term
| Where does the kidney reabsorb most of the solutes that are reabsorbed? The fine-tuning reabsorption? |
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Definition
| The proximal tubule for bulk and the fine tuning is in the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct. |
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Term
| Where does the kidney reabsorb most of the water? The fine tuning of water reabsorption? |
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Definition
| Bulk is in the descending limb of the Loop of Henle and the fine tuning is in the cortical and medullary collecting ducts. |
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Term
| How many urethral sphincter muscles are there? |
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Definition
| 3: Detrusor, Internal urethral sphincter, and Urethral sphincter. |
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Term
| How is the Detrusor muscle innervated? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic causes contraction, inhibition during filing and simulated during micturition. |
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Term
| How is the Internal urethral sphincter innervated? |
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Definition
| sympathetic causes contraction, stimulated during filling and inhibited during micturition. |
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Term
| How is the urethral sphincter innervated? |
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Definition
| somatic motor causes contraction, stimulated during filing and inhibited during micturition. |
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Term
| Explain the reflex arc for micturition. |
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Definition
The Liver makes angiotensinogen, kidney produced renin which controls conversion of angioteninogen to angiotensin I which is converted by an enzyme to angiotensin II which affects the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone which affects kidney to lead to salt and H2O retention.
Decreased vasopressin secretion in posterior pituitary leads to decreased reabsorption of water in collection ducts and excretion of water in urine.
Sodium excretion is controlled by atrial natriuretic peptide |
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Term
| What are the 4-5 ways body loses water and which one is used to regulate body's water balance? |
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Definition
| Insensible loss (skin and lungs), sweat, feces, and urine (regulated amount of water in body) |
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Term
| What are the 3 routes by which sodium is lost? Which on is to regulate the body's sodium content? |
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Definition
| Sweat, feces, urine (the regulator) |
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Term
| How does the kidney handle sodium ion? |
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Definition
| 66% reabsorption in proximal tubule, 26% in Loop of Henley, and on .6% is excreted |
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Term
| How does the kidney handle the Potassium ion? |
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Definition
| 80% reabsorption in proximal tubule, some reabsorbed in Loop of Henle and 15% is excreted. |
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Term
| How does the kidney handle Water? |
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Definition
| 65% is reabsorbed in proximal tubule, 10% in Loop of henle, and .6% excreted |
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Term
| How does the kidney handle glucose? |
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Definition
| All glucose is reabsorbed in proximal tubule. |
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Term
| What is renin and where is it produced? |
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Definition
| Renin is an exzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatuses in the kidneys. |
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Term
| What are the three major controls on renin's secretion? |
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Definition
Renal sympathetic nerves
Intravenal baroreceptors
Macula densa |
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Term
| How does the autonomic nervous system influence renin secretion from the kidney? (Division and receptor) |
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Definition
| Increased renin secretion by sympathetic via beta-one receptor. |
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Term
| What are the two hormones controlling the body's sodium level? |
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Definition
Major control of tubular sodium reabsorption is adrenal cortical hormone aldosterone, which stimulates reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts.
Atrial natriuretic peptide- cells in the cardiac atria synthesize and secrete ANP which inhibits sodium reabsorption and aldosterone and is controlled by atrial distension. |
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Term
| How can the body control water loss without also controlling sodium loss? |
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Definition
| ADH opens aquaporins allowing water through but not sodium via the countercurrent multiplier. |
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Term
| What are the major consequences of hypokaiemia? |
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Definition
| Decreased extracellular potassium content. Can cause abnormal rhythms of heart and abnormalities of skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
| What are the major consequences of hyperkalemia? |
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Definition
| Increased extracellular potassium content.Can cause abnormal rhythms of heart and abnormalities of skeletal muscle contraction. |
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Term
| What is the mechanism by which the body regulates its potassium level? |
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Definition
| Cortical collecting ducts can secrete potassium when high potassium diet. Also Aldosterone contorls potassium balance |
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Term
| What are the three systems which are balanced to regulate plasma calcium ion concentration? What hormone controls each of these? |
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Definition
| storage (Bone), Reabsorption (GI tract), and excretion (renal). Regulated by parathyroid hormone. |
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Term
| What vitamin does the parathyroid hormone regulate? And what does the vitamin do? |
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Definition
| Regulates Vitamin D. Increases calcium and phosphate absorption in GI tract. |
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Term
| How do the kidneys handle calcium? |
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Definition
| Kidney has peoerful mechanism to reabsorb calcium for tubular fluid. 60% of calcium reabsorption in proximal tubule. |
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Term
| What three tissues are involved in the synthesis of vitamin D? |
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Definition
| Tissues of skin, liver, kidneys. |
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Term
| Is the normal American adult eating a normal American diet under an acid or an alkali load? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The lowest can be about 4.4 |
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Term
| Is the 4.4 acid enough to eliminate all of the hydrogen ion that needs to be eliminated?` |
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Definition
| No, the other two mechanisms are utilized to help eliminate the hydrogen ion. |
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Term
| What are the two mechanisms by which the kidneys can eliminate additional hydrogen ion? |
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Definition
| The mechanisms are generation of ammonia and regulation of bicarbonate to neutralize high pH |
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Term
| What is the carbonate buffer equation? |
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Definition
| CO2 + H2O <->H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+ |
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Term
| What is the effect of carbonic anhydrase on these reactions? |
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Definition
| Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the process of bicarbonate being reabsorbed when H+ ions are secreted. |
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Term
| What is the mechanism by which the kidneys conserve the bicarbonate that has been filtered at the glomerulus? |
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Definition
| Bicarbonate is reabsorbed by H+ ATPase pumps- primarily H+/K+ ATPase pumps |
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Term
| How does the kidney generate "new" bicarbonate? |
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Definition
New bicarbonate can be generated when extra H+ ions combine with filtered non bicarbonate buffer and bicarbonate is generated within the tubular cell by the carbonic anhydrase reaction and entering plasma constitutes net gain of bicarbonate.
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Term
| From what reactant does the kidney generate ammonium ion? |
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Definition
| The tubule cells take glutamine amino acids |
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Term
| What controls the rate of ammonium production? |
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Definition
| It is stimulated by acidic intracellular pH |
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Term
| What effect does aldosterone have on the renal excretion of hydrogen ion? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone stimulates hydrogen ion secretion in the collection duct and of increased excretion of potassium ion |
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Term
| How do plasma membrane concentration of hydrogen ion, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate change in Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis? |
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Definition
Acidosis- decreased bicarbonate, increased H+ decreased CO2
Alkalosis- Decreased H+, increased bicarbonate, increased CO2 |
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Term
| How do plasma membrane concentrations of hydrogen ion, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate change in respiratory acidosis and alkalosis? |
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Definition
acidosis- Increases CO2, H+, and bicarbonate
alkalosis- decrease CO2, H+, and bicarbonate. |
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Term
| Where in the kidney is carbonic anhydrase found and what is its function? |
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Definition
| Found in the proximal tubule and its function is to catalyze the reaction of water and carbon dioxide to form H2CO3 which dissociates into H+ ion and bicarbonate ion. |
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Term
| How does the respiratory system respond to acidosis and alkalosis? |
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Definition
| Based on changes in carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| How do the kidneys respond to Acidosis and alkalosis? |
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Definition
| based on Changes in bicarbonate. |
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