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Definition
| the heart pumps and blood vessels allow circulation and delivery of neutrients and u2, o Hollow cone shaped muscular organ within the thoracic cavity, o 14cm long by 9cm wide, o lies under sternum, o apex extends to the fifth intercostal |
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| outer layer made up of tough connective tissue |
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| middle layer that lines the fibrous pericardium |
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| Visceral pericardium (epicardium) |
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| layer that cover the heart ; at the base, the visceral pericardium folds back to form the parietal pericardium fluid in between layers is serious fluid |
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| Epicardium (visceral pericardium) |
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| outermost layer consisting of connective tissue, blood, and lymph capillaries |
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| middle layer consisting of cardiac muscles; thickest part |
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| innermost layer consisting of connective tissue and is continuous with the endothelium (lining of blood vessels) of major vessels joining the heart; contain purkinje fiber (specialized cardiac muscles that act as nerve fibers to send impulses to the cardiac muscles) |
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| receives blood returning to the heart, thin walled |
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| pumps blood to the body (lungs and body) thicker walled cause they are sending blood further away |
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| divides the atria to the right and left |
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| divides the ventricles into right and left |
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| 2 Atrioventricular valves (A-V valves) |
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| attach with chordae tendinae to prevent backflow of blood |
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| leads to the pulmonary trunk to lungs |
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| rigid layer of connective tissue that surrounds the valves |
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| leads to the aorta to feed the heart and body |
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| Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 1 |
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Definition
| Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cave |
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| Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 2 |
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| Right atrium contracts to force blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle |
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| Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 3 |
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| Right ventricle contracts to close the tricuspid vale and forces blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk |
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| Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 4 |
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Definition
| The pulmonary trunk diverges into 2 pulmonary arteries that carry blood the lungs where carbon dioxide within the blood is exchanged with oxygen in the lungs |
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| Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 5 |
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Definition
| Freshly oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the left atrium via 4 pulmonary veins |
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| Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 6 |
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| The left atrium contracts to force blood through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle |
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| Path of the Blood through the Heart Step 7 |
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| Left ventricle contracts to close the bicuspid valve&forces through the aortic valve, blood enters aorta to feed heart and body |
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| first branches of the aorta that carry blood to the heart |
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| drain blood from the heart muscles and carry it to the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium |
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| artria contracting in unison |
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| ventricles contracting in unison |
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| brief moment when the entire heart relaxes |
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| = caused by vibrations in the tissues when blood velocity changes within the heart |
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| ventricular contraction and a-v valves close |
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| ventricular relaxation and semilunar valves close |
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| Pressure within the chambers rises and falls with the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles |
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| When the atria fill, the pressure within is greater than that of the ventricles and forces the A-V valves to open |
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| Pressure increases as the atria contracts to empty the remaining blood from the chambers |
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| When the ventricles begin to fill, the ventricles will contract and stimulate papillary muscles to contract |
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| Once the papillary muscles contract, they will pull the chordae tendinae to close and prevent backflow of blood |
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Term
| Cardiac Conduction System |
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Definition
| specialized cardiac muscles conducting impulses throughout the myoacrdium |
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| mass of merging fibers that act as a unit, atrial syncytium & ventricular syncytium |
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| Cardiac Conduction System Step 1 |
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Definition
| Sinoatrial node (S-A node or pacemaker) = self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscles; generates the impulses for the heartbeat |
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| Cardiac Conduction System Step 2 |
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Definition
| Impulses spread to the atrial syncytium and causes it to contract |
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| Cardiac Conduction System Step 3 |
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Definition
| Impulses travels to the junctional fibers( small fibers that allow the atria to contract and empty fully before the impulse reaches the ventricles) leading to the Atrioventricular node (A-V node) |
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| Cardiac Conduction System Step 4 |
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Definition
| Branches of the A-V bundle give rise to Purkinje fibers that lead to the papillary muscles |
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| Cardiac Conduction System Step 5 |
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Definition
| Fibers stimulate papillary muscles contraction as ventricles contract |
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the pacemaker. Connected to both autonomic divisions of nervous(sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- sympathetic speeds up the heart rate
- parasympathetic slows down the heart rate |
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Cardiac control center of the medulla oblongata controls the 2 divisions
Responses to barareceptors which detect changes in blood pressure
Hypothalamus |
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| the more you work the more your heart works to provide oxygen to body. So high activity causes heart activity to go up. |
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| fluctuates, blood vessels dilate and constrict based on temp of body. Hot=dilation(blood flows out) cold=constrict(makes lumen smaller and causes more time for heart activity) |
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| Concentrations of certain ions |
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Definition
Potassium – when high, there is a decrease in heart activity. If low there is an abnormal rhythm.
Calcium – when levels are high there is an increase heart rate/long contractions. When levels are low there is a decrease in heart rate/short contractions |
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Term
| Walls of the arteries and veins |
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Definition
Tunica interna(endothelium), tunica media(smooth muscles), tunica externa(connective tissue)
Have the ability to constrict or dilate |
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Arteries are strong and elastic vessels carrying high-pressure blood
Arterioles are branches of the arteries, smaller, lead to capillaries |
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| Smallest vessels, endothelium only, exchange site |
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| Exchanges in the capillaries |
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Definition
- Substances are exchanged between the blood and tissue cells.
- Capillary permeability varies from region to region.
- Areas of greater metabolic activity have a greater density of capillaries.
- Precapillary sphincters help to regulate the amount of blood entering the capillary bed and are controlled by oxygen concentration.
- Blood entering capillaries contain high amounts of oxygen and nutrients that diffuse out the capillary and into tissues.
- Hydrostatic pressure drives fluid and small molecules out the capillaries.
- Osmotic pressure (venule end) causes tissue fluid to return to bloodstream. |
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venules lead from capillaries to form veins
veins possess flap-like valves to prevent backflow
thinner than arteries and carry low-pressure blood
blood reservoir |
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force of blood against the arterial walls
Arterial blood pressure rises and falls based on the cardiac cycle
*Highest during ventricular contraction
*Lowest during ventricular relaxation |
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| Factors; Cardiac Output(Heart Action) |
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| The amount of blood discharged per minute. When heart action goes up, blood pressure goes up. |
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| based on body size, age, and gender. The volume goes up, the pressure goes up. Younger ppl have greater blood volume than older ppl. Larger ppl have larger body volume. |
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| Factors; Peripheral Resistance |
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Definition
| friction btwn the blood and the walls of the arteries. When it increases, there's more friction and causes a slower stream to cause slight backup. |
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| the thicker of the blood the harder the blood flow, therefore blood pressure increases. |
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Definition
| is a surge of blood with each of ventricular contraction. |
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| Regulations of blood pressure |
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Definition
Blood pressure(BP)=COxPR
Blood pressure is determined and regulated by Cardiac Output and Peripheral Resistance |
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Definition
cardiac output influenced by sympathetic and parasympathetic div.
Emotional upset, exercise, temperature can effect cardiac output |
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Definition
vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata can adjust sympathetic impulses to regulate arteriole walls.
Carbon Dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen ions can also affect peripheral resistance |
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Definition
| influenced by skeletal muscle contraction, breathing, and vasoconstriction of the veins. |
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Definition
vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs and the heart.
- Includes pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, alveolar capillaries in the lungs, pulmonary veins. |
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Definition
vessels carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back.
- Includes aorta and its branches leading to the body tissues and the venous system returning blood from the body to the right atrium. |
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-Principal branching of aorta
Ascending aorta branches into coronary arteries
Arotic arch branches into brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left cubclavian arteries – head and upper limbs
Descending aorta(thoracic aorta) gibes rise to arteries of the thoracic region.
Abdominal aorta gives rise to arteries of the upper digestive tract and lower limbs. |
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| alternate pathways through which blood can reach the brain. |
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- Returns blood to the heart after the exchange of substances between blood and tissue.
- Run parallel with the arteries and are named accordingly
- Veins from the head and upper torso drain into the inferior vena cava.
- Veins from the heart drain into coronary sinus which then drains into the right atrium |
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Term
| Hepatic Portal Circulation |
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Definition
- Hepatic portal vein carries blood from the abdominal region to the liver in order to filter and detoxify blood, absorb nutrients, phagocytize bacteria.
-Hepatic vein drains the liver and enters the inferior vena cava |
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