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Definition
| Everything that the people in a society have learned and share through traditions, pass on to children, and teach new members |
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| Examples of parts of culture |
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Definition
| Religion, beliefs, political ideologies, values, customs, foods language, gender roles, sexuality, and many other aspects of everyday life |
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Definition
| Ideas that a person or group believes to be right or wrong, good or bad, attractive or undesirable |
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| Freedom, truth, justice, sex, marriage, raising children |
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| A group of ideas, values, beliefs, and feelings that predispose a person to react to a thing, a situation, another person, or a group in a certain way |
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| Internalized standards for behavior that support agreed-upon ways of doing things and what people expect of one another within a cultural group |
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| How we dress/behave at formal gathering, how we greet one another,how we behave with friends vs family vs coworkers |
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| Guidelines, routine conventions of everyday life |
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| Stricter social rules, norms that are central to the functioning of society |
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Definition
| Appropriate dress and good social manners |
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| Society's stance on murder, rape, sexuality |
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Term
| Violation of folkways vs mores |
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Definition
Folkways: looked as odd or weird
Mores:face serious reprisals, face trial or jail |
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Definition
| A set of shared values, norms, and assumptions that guide peoples' behavior within a group, business, or institution |
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Term
| Hofstede's five dimensions of culture |
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Definition
| Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, long-term vs short-term orientation |
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Definition
| Extent of which people in societies accept the idea that power is distributed unequally |
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Definition
| Degree to which people can tolerate unpredictable, ambiguous, or uncertain situations |
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Definition
| Degree to which people prefer to act in their own self-interest instead of acting on what is best for the group as a whole |
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Definition
| Degree to which people prefer to act as members of a group (rather than as individuals) in exchange for loyalty and the benefits of membership |
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Definition
| Extent to which society values achieving (masculine) versus nurturing (feminine) |
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Definition
| Refers to a greater concern for the future and for values such as thrift, perserverance, and avoidance of shame |
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Definition
| Refers to a desire for gratification of personal needs, as well as a focus on tradition and meeting social obligations |
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Term
| GLOBE Project Value Dimensions |
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Definition
| Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, future orientation, institutional collectivism, assertiveness, gender differentiation, in-group collectivism, performance orientation, humane orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree to which members of a society expect an unequal distribution of power |
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Term
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Definition
| Extent to which members of a society rely on social norms and procedures to diminish unpredictability |
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Term
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Definition
| Extent to which a society encourages and rewards future-oriented behaviors |
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Term
| Institutional collectivism |
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Definition
| Extent to which the members of a society are encouraged and take pride in being part of collective actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Extent to which a society encourages people to be tough, assertive, and confrontational |
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Definition
| Extent to which a society maximizes gender role differentiation and how much status and decision-making responsibility is given to women |
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Definition
| Extent to which members of a society take pride in being members of small groups within the society, such as families, close circles of friends, teams, and the organizations in which they work |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree to which a society rewards group members for performance improvements and excellence |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree to which a society encourages and rewards people for being members of small groups within the society, such as families, close circles of friends, teams, and the organizations in which they work |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree to which a society rewards groups members for performance improvements and excellence |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree to which a society encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, and kind to others |
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Term
| Power distance highs and lows |
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Definition
High: Focus on status and power, leaders expect deference from their subordinates
Low: Favor participative decision making and egalitarian relationships |
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Term
| Uncertainty avoidance highs and lows |
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Definition
High: value structure and clear expectations
Low: Do not value rules and procedures and accept ambiguity |
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Term
| Future orientation highs and lows |
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Definition
High: Plan for future and delay gratification
Low: focus on short-term results and seek instant gratification |
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Term
| Institutional collectivism highs and lows |
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Definition
High: Allocates resources so that all members can participate in economic,social, and political processes, greater emphasis on group goals than individual goals
Low: Encourages self-interest, rewards based on individual performance |
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Term
| Assertiveness highs and lows |
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Definition
High: Encourages and rewards toughness, a certain degree of forcefulness, and competitiveness
Low: Values gentleness and modesty |
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Term
| Gender differentiation highs and lows |
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Definition
High: Grant one gender higher status
Low: More equal status to men and women |
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Term
| In-group collectivism highs and lows |
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Definition
High: Provide benefits for families or have structures encouraging groups to get together to socialize
Low: Less emphasis on importance of the nuclear family and more on allegiance to country |
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Term
| Performance orientation highs and lows |
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Definition
High: Value training and development and believe in taking initiative
Low: Feel uncomfortable with feedback |
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Term
| Humane orientation highs and lows |
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Definition
High: Focus on human relations and sympathy
Low: Motivated by material possessions |
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Term
| Competing values framework |
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Definition
| Model that shows how cultures can be measured along two axes: structure (stability versus flexibility) and focus (internal versus external) |
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Term
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Definition
| A culture that has an internal focus and encourages flexibility |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture that has an internal focus and encourages stability and control |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture that has an external focus and encourages flexibility |
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Definition
| Culture that has an external focus and encourages stability and control |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture that has values linked to each of the culture domains of the competing values framework, and all of these values are perceived to be important and are held by organization members quite strongly |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture in which central values and norms are shared and strongly upheld by most members of the organization |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture in which the values and norms are shared by a limited group of people and employees' goals may not be in line with management's goals |
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Term
| Edgar Schein's Levels of Culture |
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Definition
Top: Observable artifacts
Middle: Values and attitudes
Bottom: Basic assumptions |
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Term
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Definition
| Aspects of a culture that can be seen, heard, or experienced by an organization's members |
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Term
| Observable artifacts examples |
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Definition
| Dress code, language and jargon, interpersonal relationships, technology, workspace, ceremonies, rituals, awards |
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Definition
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| Explicit values that are preferred by an organization and communicated deliberately to the organization's members |
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| Values that are actually exhibited in an organization |
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Definition
| Core beliefs that are deeply embedded in the organization and that are largely invisible |
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Term
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Definition
| Exaggerated stories that are told and retold to communicate values and to emphasize norms |
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Term
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Definition
| Legendary person who embodies the highest values of culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of teaching new members about a culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong prohibitions against certain activities (food, sexuality, religious practice, death) |
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Term
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Definition
| Things, people, and events that are untouchable and unquestionable within a culture |
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Definition
| How people use words, which native language is paramount in multicultural organizations, and even body language indicators of culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematic study of human cultures including observation and co-inquiry |
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Term
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Definition
| People observe and collaborate with on another to truly understand what is happening within their group or organization (participant observation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Enables organization members to uncover cultural values and the basic assumptions that drive people's behavior as well as how leadership practices affect people and the organization |
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Term
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Definition
| Explores people's and the organization's strengths (interviews and meetings) |
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