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| the transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
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| differences between members of the same species |
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| The scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation |
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| A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |
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| The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent |
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| A lineage of genetically identical individual or cells or a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual |
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| A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the parents |
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| The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism |
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| Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg |
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| A chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome |
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| A cell containing only one set of chromosomes |
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| Cells containing two sets of chromosomes |
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| The union of haploid gametes forming a zygote |
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| A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characteristics at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the father, the other from the mother. |
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| The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg |
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| The pairing and physical connection of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis |
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| A four-part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. |
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| The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where homologous nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis, the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion |
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| The plural form of chiasma |
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| The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis |
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| During meiosis, the two chromosomes of a pair are distributed randomly to the gametes, each gamete having an equal chance of receiving either chromosome. |
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