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| What are the two Anatomic Divisions of the Nervous system? |
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Definition
- Central Nervous System(CNS)
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| consists of the brain and spinal cord |
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| What is the CNS responsible for? |
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Definition
| Integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory data and motor commands. |
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Definition
| intelligence memory, learning, and emotion |
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| all the neural tissue outside the CNS |
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Definition
| deliver sensory info to the CNS and send motor commands to peripheral tissues and organs |
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| What does the PNS include? |
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Definition
cranial nerves (attached to the brain) and
spinal nerves (attached to the spinal cord) |
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Definition
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Definition
| deliver sensory info to CNS from tissue receptors |
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| sensory structures that detect changes in internal environment or respond to stimuli |
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Definition
| carries out motor commands from CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue |
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Definition
| target organs which respond by doing something |
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Term
| Somatic Nervous System (SNS) |
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Definition
controls skeletal muscle contractions
(ones you think about) |
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Definition
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Definition
| automatic responses controlled subconsciously |
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Term
| Automatic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Definition
| aka visceral motor system; provides automatic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gladular secretions at the subconscious level |
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Term
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Definition
| contain nucleus and cytoplasm around the nucleous called perikaryon |
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Definition
| contains clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes called nissel bodies |
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Definition
| give gray matter its gray appearance |
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Definition
| divide (they have no centrioles) |
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Term
what is only active in the nose
to replace smell receptors? |
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Definition
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Definition
| extend out form cell body; higly branched with each branch having dendritic spines |
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Definition
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| how much surface area do dendrites represent? |
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Definition
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Definition
| long cyoplasmic process capable of propagating electrical impluses (action potentials) |
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Term
| what does the Axon contain |
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Definition
- axoplasm
- axolemma
- axon hillock
- collaterals
- telodenria
- synaptic terminals
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Definition
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Definition
| plasma membrane of axon covered in either intertitial fluid or processes of neuroglia |
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Definition
| connects initial segment of axon to cell body |
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Definition
| site where one neuron communicates with another through the release of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| sends messages by releasing neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles |
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Definition
receives the message
(can be a neuron or different type of cell) |
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Definition
| the cell body produces neurotranmitters are moves along in the axon by these "molecular motors" |
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Term
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Definition
| small; cant tell axons from dendrites |
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Term
| where are Anaxonic structues located |
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Definition
brain and special sence organs
(they are poorly understood) |
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Definition
| one dendritic process, small cell body in middle, and one axon on other end |
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Term
| where are bipolar structures located |
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Definition
| sense organs where they relay info from sensory receptors to ther neurons (rare) |
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Term
| Unipolar (pseudounipolar) structure |
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Definition
| dendrites and axon are continuous with cell body off to the side |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more dendrites and one axon |
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Term
| what do the mulitpolar structures include |
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Definition
motor neurons that control skeletal muscle
(most common) |
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Term
| Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) |
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Definition
deliver ifo from sensory receptors to CNS
- they are unipolar with afferent fibers from sensory receptors to CNS
- around 10 million
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Definition
| monitor external environment and our position in it |
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Definition
| monitor internal conditions and status of organs systems |
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| what are the 2 sensory receptors |
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Definition
| Interoceptors & Exteroceptors |
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Definition
| monitor internal organ systems and provide sensations of deep pressure, taste, and pain |
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Definition
| information around external environment through touch, temperature, pressure, sight, smell, and hearing |
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Term
| Motor neurons (efferent neurons) |
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Definition
| carry information from CNS to effectors in tissues, organs |
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| How many motor neuons are there |
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Definition
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Definition
| axons going away fron CNS |
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Definition
innervate peripheral effectors other than skeletal muscles
-it requires 2 neurons |
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Term
| Interneurons (associatin neurons) |
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Definition
| between motor neurons and sensory neurons in brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia; distributes sensory info and cordinate motor commands |
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Definition
| more inter neurons involved |
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| what are interneurons involved with |
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Definition
| higher functions (memory, planning, and learning) |
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Term
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Definition
| line the central canal along spinal cord and ventricles in part of brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) |
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Term
| what do ependymal cells form |
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Definition
| they form epitheluim called ependyma |
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Term
| what do some Ventricles have? |
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Definition
| cilia or microvilli that aid in circulation and secretion of CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| largest and most numerous in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
- Maintain blood brain barrier (BBB)-it separates the CNS and its fluids from the other components in circulation
- Provide structure/frame (packed with microfiliments)
- Repair damaged neural tissue (stabilize and prevent future injury)
- Guide embryonic neural development
- Control intersitial environment
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Term
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Definition
| "feet" of astrocytes wrap @ capillaries and exchange nutrients |
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| What regulates the concentration of Na+, K+, CO2 |
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Definition
| Control intersitial environment |
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Term
| Control Intersitial Environment |
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Definition
- Provide transport of nutrients, ions, and dissolved gases between capillaries
- Control volume of blood flow through capillaries
- Absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
- Release chemicals to enhance and suppress communication across synapses
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Term
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Definition
| ends of process; wraps at axolemma of neurons forming layers of p.m. called myelin |
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Definition
| electrical insulation from extracellular fluid increasing the spped of.... along the axon |
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Definition
| areas of myelinated axons (white matter) |
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| gap of axon with NO myelin between internodes |
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Definition
| areas of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinates axons that have a gray color |
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Term
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Definition
least numerous, smallest, capable of movement
-they engulf cellular debris, waste, pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of all bodies in PNS |
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Term
| Satellite cells (amphicytes) |
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Definition
| regulate environment around neurons; surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia |
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Term
| Schwann cells (neurilemmal cells or neurolemmocytes) |
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Definition
| form sheath around peripheral axons |
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Term
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Definition
| outer surface of Schwann cell |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of O2 due to pressure can cause the axon to do this |
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Term
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Definition
- Axon distal to injury degenerates and macrophages break down
- Schwann cells fill the path of the axon
- During recovery, axon can grow back in original site and be surrounded by Schwann cells
- Sometimes axon can grow and reestablish synaptic connection
- If axon doesnt regrow or regrows in wrong direction, connection is lost
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Term
| CNS recovery is more difficult b/c |
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Definition
- more axons are involved
- astrocytes produce scar tissue and chemicals prevent regrowth of axon
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Term
| How is an action potential produced? |
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Definition
- Begin with a cell at resting potential
- A stimulus produces a change in transmembrabe potential
- Graded potential
- If the graded potential (deploarization) is large enough it tiggers an action potential
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Term
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Definition
| sum of chemical forces (concentration of chemicals) and electrical forces (distribution of + and - charges) across the membrane |
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Term
| Passive Channels (leak channels) |
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Definition
| always open but can change permeability based on changes in protein shape. |
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Term
| Active Channels (gated channels) |
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Definition
| open in response to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
- Closed but capable of opening
- Activated (open)
- Inactivated (closed cant open)
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Term
| Classes of Active Channels |
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Definition
- Chemically Gated
- Mechanically Gated
- Voltage Gated
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Term
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Definition
open/closed when chemicals bind.
-Ex. receptors binding acetylcholine (Ach) |
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Definition
open/close in response to a physical distortion of plasma membrane
-Ex. sensory receptors (dendrites) responding to touch, pressure, or vibration |
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Term
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Definition
open/close in response to change in transmembrane potential.
Ex- excitable membranes (membranes capable of carrying an action potential) (axon) |
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Term
| Most gated channels are ______ in resting potential |
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Definition
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