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| Leader of the Franks in Gaul; brought Christianity to the region |
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| Leader of the Franks in Gaul; brought Christianity to the region |
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| also known as Charles the Great; son of Pepin the Short; created and empire larger than the Byzantine Empire; Pope declared him the "Roman Emperor" |
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| also known as Charles the Great; son of Pepin the Short; created and empire larger than the Byzantine Empire; Pope declared him the "Roman Emperor" |
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| divided the Roman empire into three kingdoms |
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| divided the Roman empire into three kingdoms |
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| the successive rule of the Pepin the Short and his descendants |
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| the successive rule of the Pepin the Short and his descendants |
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| a piece of land granted, by a lord, to an individual |
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| a piece of land granted, by a lord, to an individual |
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| the person receiving a fief |
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| the person receiving a fief |
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| mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords' lands in exchange for fiefs |
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| mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords' lands in exchange for fiefs |
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| people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born |
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| people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born |
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| church tax representing one-tenth of a persons income |
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| church tax representing one-tenth of a persons income |
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| a complex set of ideals, demanding that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters |
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| a complex set of ideals, demanding that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters |
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| traveling poet-musician at the castles and courts of Europe |
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| traveling poet-musician at the castles and courts of Europe |
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| banishment from the church, thus resulting in the loss of salvation |
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| banishment from the church, thus resulting in the loss of salvation |
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| important religious ceremonies |
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| important religious cermemonies |
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| religious officials; includes bishops and priests |
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| religious officials; includes bishops and priests |
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| church law in matters such as marriage and religious practices |
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| church law in matters such as marriage and religious practices |
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| the new name for the Roman Empire of the German Nation, created by Otto. |
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| the new name for the Roman Empire of the German Nation, created by Otto. |
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| a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials; banned by Pope Gregory VII, in 1075 |
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| a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials; banned by Pope Gregory VII, in 1075 |
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| an agreement between the church and the state that said the church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment. |
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| an agreement between the church and the state that said the church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment. |
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| first ruler to call his lands the "Holy Roman Empire"; attacked the rich cities of Italy; had victory at the battle of Legnano |
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| first ruler to call his lands the "Holy Roman Empire"; attacked the rich cities of Italy; had victory at the battle of Legnano |
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| crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800 |
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| crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800 |
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| most effective ruler of Germany; followed the policies of Charlemagne; built up power base by gaining support of the bishops and abbots (head of monasteries) |
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| most effective ruler of Germany; followed the policies of Charlemagne; built up power base by gaining support of the bishops and abbots (head of monasteries) |
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| banishing a king from the church and denying rights to sacraments in his lands, thus denying people that lived there salvation |
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| banishing a king from the church and denying rights to sacraments in his lands, thus denying people that lived there salvation |
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| many village priests were married and had families when marriages were against church rulings; bishops sold positions in the church; kings appointing bishops using the lay investiture |
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| many village priests were married and had families when marriages were against church rulings; bishops sold positions in the church; kings appointing bishops using the lay investiture |
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| the act of selling positions in the church |
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| the act of selling positions in the church |
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| a style of architecture meant to inspire worshipers with the magnificence of God; cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven; had huge stained glass windows |
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| a style of architecture meant to inspire worshipers with the magnificence of God; cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven; had huge stained glass windows |
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| issued a call for what he called a "holy war", thus starting the first crusade |
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| issued a call for what he called a "holy war", thus starting the first crusade |
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| a "holy war" to gain the Holy Land |
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| a "holy war" to gain the Holy Land |
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| a Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader; conquered Jerusalem |
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| a Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader; conquered Jerusalem |
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| an english king; created a truce with Saladin that left Jerusalem in Muslim control, but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to freely visit the city's holy places |
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| an english king; created a truce with Saladin that left Jerusalem in Muslim control, but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to freely visit the city's holy places |
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| a court held by the church to suppress heresy |
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| a court held by the church to suppress heresy |
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| crusade taking place in 1212; an army of 30,000 children under 18 marched to take back the holy city; did not succeed |
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| crusade taking place in 1212; an army of 30,000 children under 18 marched to take back the holy city; did not succeed |
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| a crusade to drive the Muslims out of Spain; fell to the Christian army of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Spanish monarchs |
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| a crusade to drive the Muslims out of Spain; fell to the Christian army of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Spanish monarchs |
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| to take back the holy land; to drive the Muslims out of Spain |
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| to take back the holy land; to drive the Muslims out of Spain |
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| large churches that were built in city areas and viewed as representations of the City of God |
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| large churches that were built in city areas and viewed as representations of the City of God |
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| lessened power of the Pope and the church; weakening of feudal nobility and increase int he king's power; growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe |
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| lessened power of the Pope and the church; weakening of feudal nobility and increase int he king's power; growth of trade, towns, and universities in medieval Europe |
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| made it to where farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, not just half. |
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| made it to where farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, not just half. |
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| to improve the economic and social conditions of the organization's members |
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| to improve the economic and social conditions of the organization's members |
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| the expansion of trade and business |
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| the expansion of trade and business |
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| Dwindling Crusading Spirit |
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| the shift from being motivated to reclaim the Holy Land, to being motivated to earn more riches and become more powerful |
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| the shift from being motivated to reclaim the Holy Land, to being motivated to earn more riches and become more powerful |
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| Dwindling Crusading Spirit |
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| people who used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate many issues of their time |
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| people who used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate many issues of their time |
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| duke of normandy; claimed the english crown and invaded england with a norman army |
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| duke of normandy; claimed the english crown and invaded england with a norman army |
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| added to previous english land holdings by marrying Eleanbor of Aquitaine from France, adding Aquitaine to his holding |
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| added to previous english land holdings by marrying Eleanbor of Aquitaine from France, adding Aquitaine to his holding |
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| the rulings of england's royal judges formed this unified body of law |
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| the rulings of england's royal judges formed this unified body of law |
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| meaning "great charter"; approved by King John; guaranteed certain basic political rights |
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| meaning "great charter"; approved by King John; guaranteed certain basic political rights |
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| a legislative group; brought two knights and two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from every borough, from every country |
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| a legislative group; brought two knights and two burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) from every borough, from every country |
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| an undistinguished duke from the middle of France that succeeded Louis the Sluggard as emperor |
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| an undistinguished duke from the middle of France that succeeded Louis the Sluggard as emperor |
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| one of the most powerful Captetians; at the age of 15 he set out to regain land that was lost under his father's rule |
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| one of the most powerful Captetians; at the age of 15 he set out to regain land that was lost under his father's rule |
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