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| society with government, administrative spcialization, and social classes |
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| involving multiple factors, causes, or variables |
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| mature state that is large, multiethnic, militaristic, and expansive |
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| area where earliest states developed, between Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
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| early (7500-6500 B.P.) widespread Mesopotamian pottery style |
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| society with rudimentary status distinctions |
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| society with hereditary inequality but lacking social stratification |
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| presence of social divisions - strata - with unequal wealth and power |
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| ranked society with two- or three-level settlement hierarchy |
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| states arising through competition among chiefdoms |
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| early Mesopotamian wedge-shaped writing, using stylus on clay |
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| extraction and processing of metals to make tools |
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| high-temperature extraction of metal from ore |
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| alloy of copper and arsenic or tin |
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| first Mesoamerican state, in the Valley of Oaxaca |
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| first valley of Mexico state (100-700 C.E.); earliest Mesoamerican empire |
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| communities with varying size, function, and building types |
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| last independent Valley of Mexico state (1325-1520 C.E.-Spanish Conquest) |
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