Term
| master control and communication system |
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Definition
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Term
when receptors monitor changes inside and outside the body
and send info. to integrating center, this is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| when the Nervous System processes and interprets sensory input and makes decisions, this is called... |
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Definition
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Term
when the Nervous System dictates a
response by activating effector organs this is called ... |
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Definition
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Term
brain and spinal cord = integrating and
command center |
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Definition
| Central nervous system (CNS) |
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Term
outside the CNS; consists of nerves
extending from brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Term
| nerves extending from brain |
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Definition
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Term
| nerves extending from spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral nerves link all regions of the body to the ____?_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| These are the type of signals that are picked up by sensory receptors; carried by nerve fibers of PNS to the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| signals are carried away from the CNS; Innervate muscles and glands |
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Definition
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Term
| body region that includes skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| body region that includes digestive tube, lungs, heart, bladder, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| stretch, pain, temperature, nausea, and hunger; widely felt in digestive and urinary tracts, reproductive organs are the __?__ senses |
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Definition
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Term
| taste is an example of ___?___ senses |
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Definition
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Term
| The v_____ m______ Regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and secretion from glands; |
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Definition
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Term
Visceral motor makes up the ___?________ system; often called
“involuntary nervous system” |
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Definition
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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Term
| Visceral motor controls function of ___?___ organs |
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Definition
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Term
| the _____?______ senses have receptors that are widely spread (touch, pain, vibration, pressure, and temperature) |
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Definition
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Term
detect stretch in tendons and
muscle; give body sense of position and movement of body in space |
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Definition
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Term
hearing, balance, vision, and smell are examples of
_____________ senses |
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Definition
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Term
signals contraction of skeletal
muscles; under our voluntary control; often called “voluntary nervous system” |
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Definition
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Term
| Nervous Tissue Cells are densely ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Two main cell types of nervous tissue |
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Definition
| Neurons and Support cells (neuroglial cells) |
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Term
| transmit electrical signals |
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Definition
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Term
| Support cells (neuroglial cells) |
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Definition
| non-excitable; surround and wrap neurons |
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Term
| The human body contains __(what quantity)____ of neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons are the Basic __?____ unit of the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| neurons are also known as ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons are Specialized cells that conduct ____?_______ along the plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| electrical impulses are also known as ____?_____ and ____?____ |
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Definition
| nerve impulses and action potentials |
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Term
| Neurons can live and function for a lifetime, therefore they have ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons Do not divide – fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo ____?_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____?____ cells are an exception to the statement that says neurons Do not divide |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons have a high ____?_______; they require abundant oxygen and glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons have a High metabolic rate; they require abundant _?_ and ___?_____ |
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Definition
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Term
clusters of cell bodies not in CNS; lie along nerves in the PNS
 |
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Definition
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Term
| Most neuronal ____?_____ are located within the CNS and protected by bones of the skull and vertebral column |
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Definition
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Term
| a Neuron Cell Body is also known as a __?___ or ___?__ |
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Definition
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Term
| a Neuron Cell Body's Size varies from _?_ to __?__; contains usual organelles plus other structures |
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Definition
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Term
| clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes that stain darkly and renew membranes of the cell |
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Definition
| chromatophilic or Nissl bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of intermediate filaments; form a network between chromatophilic bodies |
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Term
| transmit electrical signals toward the cell body; function as receptive sites. Extensively branching from the cell body |
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Definition
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Term
| Neuron has only one __?____ that transmits impulses away from the cell body; |
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Definition
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Term
| there is no __?___ synthesis in axon |
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Definition
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Term
| these 3 structures - Provide strength along length of axon; aid in the transport of substances to and from the cell body |
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Definition
| Neurofilaments, actin microfilaments, and microtubules |
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Term
| a branch that bifurcates off the primary axon and projects back toward the cell itself |
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Definition
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Term
| how often do Axon collaterals occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Multiple branches at end of axon |
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Definition
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Term
| telodendria at end of axon End in knobs called ___?___ |
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Definition
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Term
| axon terminals are also called ___?____ or ____?______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Nerve impulse / Action Potential is Generated at the ___?____ of the axon and conducted along the axon |
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Definition
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Term
| an axon releases _____?_____ at axon terminals |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurotransmitters (NT) are chemical messenger molecules that __?__ or ___?___ neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| Neuron receives and sends ___?____ |
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Definition
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Term
| site at which neurons communicate |
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Definition
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Term
| in what manner do Signals pass across synapse ? |
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Definition
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Term
| conducts signal toward a synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| This is the neuron that transmits electrical activity away from a synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another; most common type of synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| between axons and neuronal cell bodies |
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Definition
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Term
| Synaptic vesicles are membrane -bound sacs containing _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of organelle is abundant in axon terminals? |
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Definition
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Term
| tiny space that separates the plasma membrane of the two neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| ___?____ membranes of neurons conduct electrical signals |
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Definition
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Term
| a neuronal plasma membrane that is polarized belongs to a ___?___ neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| a Resting neuron with a polarized membrane's inner, cytoplasmic side is ____?____ charged |
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulation of the neuron results in ___?____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___?_____ applied to the axon triggers a nerve impulse or Action Potential (AP) |
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Definition
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Term
| when an axon depolarizes a Membrane becomes negative on the __?__ side |
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Definition
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Term
| after an Impulse travels the length of the axon, the Membrane___?____ itself |
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Definition
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Term
| Structural classification depends on the number of ___?____ off cell body |
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Definition
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Term
| possess more than two processes; numerous dendrites and one axon; most numerous type (99% +) |
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Definition
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Term
| possess two processes extending from opposite sides of body; rare neurons – found in some special sensory organs |
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Definition
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Term
| possess one short emerging from cell body that divides like an inverted T into two long branches, start as bipolar neurons during development |
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Definition
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Term
| neurons are classified According to the direction the nerve impulse travels relative to ___?____ |
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Definition
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Term
| transmit impulses toward the CNS |
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Definition
| Sensory (afferent) neurons |
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Term
| virtually all Sensory (afferent) neurons are ___?____ neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| process that runs centrally into the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| process that extends peripherally to the receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| carry impulses away from the CNS to effector organs |
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Definition
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Term
| most motor neurons are __?___polar |
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Definition
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Term
| motor neuron cell bodies form junctions with ____?_____ cells |
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Definition
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Term
| most are multipolar; lie between motor and sensory neurons; confined to the CNS |
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Definition
| Interneurons (association neurons) |
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Term
| p_____ cells, s____ cells, g______ cells, and b____ cells are located in the cerebellum |
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Definition
| Purkinje cells, stellate cells, granule cells, and basket cells |
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Term
| Pyramidal cell – located in the ___?____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Six types of ____?_____; provide supportive functions for neurons; cover nonsynaptic regions of the neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| there are ___ types of supporting cells in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| there are ___ types of supporting cells in the PNS |
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Definition
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Term
| usually only refers to supporting cells in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| Glial cells have branching processes and a central cell body; outnumber neurons __ to __ |
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Definition
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Term
| Neuroglia = Glial make up __?_ the mass of the brain; can divide throughout life |
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Definition
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Term
| most abundant glial cell type |
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Definition
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Term
| Astrocytes take up and release ions to control the ___?____ around neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| Astrocytes recapture and recycle __?____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Astrocytes are involved with ____?____ in developing neural tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Astrocytes produce molecules necessary for _____?______ growth |
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Definition
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Term
| Astrocytes propagate calcium signals that may be involved in __?_ |
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Definition
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Term
| smallest and least abundant neuroglial cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Microglia are also known as ___?___ – the macrophages of the CNS that engulf invading microorganisms and dead neurons; |
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Definition
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Term
| Microglia derive from blood cells called ___?____ |
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Definition
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Term
| These cells line the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain; have cilia to help circulate the cerebrospinal fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| have few branches; wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| Oligodendrocytes produce ____?_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia (clusters of cell bodies in the PNS) |
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Definition
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Term
| surround all axons in PNS; form myelin |
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Definition
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Term
| Myelin Sheaths are Segmented structures composed of the lipoprotein ___?____ |
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Definition
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Term
| myelin is an insulating layer that increases the speed of ___?_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Myelin Sheaths in the PNS; formed by ___?____ that wrap in concentric layers around the axon; cover the axon in a tightly packed coil of membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| material external to myelin layers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ___?____ axons are myelinated |
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Definition
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Term
| ___?___ axons are unmyelinated |
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Definition
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Term
| form the myelin sheaths in the CNS; have multiple processes that coil around several different axons |
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Definition
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Term
| cordlike organs in the PNS; consists of numerous axons wrapped in C.T., axon is surrounded by Schwann cells |
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Definition
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Term
| layer of delicate C.T. surrounding the axon |
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Definition
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Term
| groups of axons bound into bundles |
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Definition
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Term
| C.T. wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle |
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Definition
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Term
| whole nerve is surrounded by tough fibrous sheath |
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Definition
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Term
| simple chains of neurons that explain and are responsible for reflex behaviors; determine structural plan of the nervous system; |
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Definition
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Term
| Rapid, autonomic motor responses that can be visceral or somatic. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reflex arcs determine the ____?___ plan of the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| transmits afferent impulses to the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| consists of one or more synapses in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| conducts efferent impulses from integration center to an effector |
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Definition
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Term
| muscle or gland cell; responds to efferent impulses; contracting or secreting |
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Definition
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Term
the Five Components to the Reflex Arc are...
R______, S_____ n_____, I______ c_______, m______ n_____, e______ |
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Definition
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration center
Motor neuron
Effector |
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Term
| simplest and fastest of all reflexes |
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Definition
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Term
| Monosynaptic reflex has just one ___?___ |
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Definition
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Term
| an example of a Monosynaptic reflex is a ___?___ |
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Definition
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Term
| more common type of reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| Most Polysynaptic reflexes have a single ___?_____ between the sensory and motor neuron; |
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Definition
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Term
| an example of a Polysynaptic reflex is a ___?___ |
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Definition
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Term
| CNS divided into regions of __?__ and __?__ matter |
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Definition
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Term
| in the spinal cord = H-shaped region – surrounds central cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| which half of the of Gray matter contains cell bodies of interneurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| which half of the of Gray matter contains cell bodies of motor neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell bodies are clustered in the __?__ matter |
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Definition
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Term
| bundles of axons traveling to similar destinations |
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Definition
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Term
| in the spinal cord; located externally to the gray matter |
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Definition
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Term
| White matter contains no ____?______ |
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Definition
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Term
| White matter contains millions of ___?____ |
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Definition
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Term
| white color and consists of axons running between different parts of the CNS; |
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Definition
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Term
| G____ cells are nervous tissue cells that can divide throughout life |
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Definition
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Term
| motor neuron cell bodies are within the _____ nervous system |
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Definition
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