Term
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Definition
all sources of info available to a performer regarding the consequences of a practice attempt
includes both sensory info and info provided through external sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| info available to a performer concerning the consequences of a practice attempt provided directly through the performer's various sensory systems |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory feedback concerning the visual, auditory, and tactile consequences of a practice attempt |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory feedback concerning features of the environment in which a skill is performed |
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Term
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Definition
info about the performance of a skill
supplied by a source external to the performer
supplements or adds to the performer's sensory feedback |
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Term
| verbal augmented feedback |
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Definition
| augmented feedback that is either delivered verbally or is capable of being verbalized even when provided in a nonverbal form. |
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Term
| nonverbal augmented feedback |
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Definition
augmented feedback not capable of being verbalized
content is too complex or abstract; must be presented in another fashion |
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Term
| knowledge of results (KR) |
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Definition
| augmented feedback concerning the results or outcome of a movement response |
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Term
| knowledge of performance (KP) |
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Definition
augmented feedback concerning the causes of a movement outcome
typically provided in terms of bodily mechanics. |
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Term
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Definition
| augmented feedback delivered during the execution of the motor skill for which it is provided |
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Term
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Definition
| augmented feedback delivered after the completion of the motor skill for which it is provided (can be either immediate or delayed) |
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Term
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Definition
| augmented feedback provided for a single motor response |
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Term
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Definition
| augmented feedback provided for a series of motor responses at the completion of the responses in the series |
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Term
| Functions of augmented feedback |
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Definition
information: informs learners about the outcomes of their actions as well as the correctness or incorrectness of their movement patterns
motivation: energizes learners and encourages them to continue exerting efforts to accomplish learning goals
reinforcement: promotes correct behaviors and discourages continuance of incorrect behaviors
guidanceacts to guide learners toward correct actions; can create dependency on feedback as a source of info |
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Term
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Definition
| any change in an organism's surroundings that occurs regularly when the organism behaves in a certain way (change is contingent on the response) |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism will tend to repeat behaviors resulting in desirable consequences and avoid behaviors resulting in undesirable consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a response is followed by a desired consequence and increases likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a response is followed by an undesirable consequences and decreases likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a response is followed by the removal of undesirable consequences previously associated with the response and increases likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| method of providing augmented feedback in which a negative or punishing reinforcing statement is immediately preceded and followed by a positively reinforcing statement. |
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Term
| intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
reinforcement of a response after some but not all instances in which a contingency for reinforcement is present
often more powerful in shaping behavior than reinforcement provided in every contingent situation |
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Term
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Definition
| augmented feedback supplying information about the direction of an error (too much, too little, too fast, too slow) without reference to the magnitude of the error |
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Term
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Definition
| augmented feedback that supplies information that supplies info about both the direction and magnitude (in numerical terms) of an error; considered more precise than qualitative feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge of performance describing errors a learner makes, but not the causes of the errors or suggested correction |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge of performance concerning both an error made by a performer and suggestion for correcting the error. |
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Term
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Definition
| augmented feedback provided in an intentionally incorrect and misleading fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of time between the completion of a practice attempt and the presentation of augmented feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of time between the presentation of augmented feedback and the beginning of the next practice attempt of the skill for which it was provided. |
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Term
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Definition
the total time between the completion of a practice attempt for which KR is provided and the beginning of the next practice attempt
interresponse interval = KR-delay + Post KR-delay |
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Term
| absolute frequency of feedback |
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Definition
| total number of practice attempts for which KR is provided during a specific pratice period |
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Term
| relative frequency of feedback |
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Definition
proportion of practice attempts in a series of attempts for which KR is provided (equal to the percentage of attempts on which KR is given)
Peak retention is obtained when relative frequency of feedback is between 40-60% |
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Term
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Definition
| high relative frequencies of augmented feedback can lead to a learner's overreliance on the guidance properties of feedback to the detriment of optimal learning outcomes |
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Term
| Reasons why high relative frequencies of feedback prove less beneficial to learning than a reduced schedule of relative feedback frequency |
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Definition
If feedback is provided frequently, it may become part of the task itself in much the same way as any other sensory stimulus or cue present during acquisition.
Frequent feedback encourages learners to make too many corrections during practice; failing to produce stable and consistent behaviors.
Frequent feedback may interfere with or block other important processing activities important to learning. |
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Term
| Maladaptive short-term correction |
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Definition
| inappropriate corrections in the production of a motor skill resulting when relatively minor movement errors are corrected through the provision of augmented feedback |
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Term
| error detection capability |
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Definition
| the capacity of individuals to detect and correct their own errors as a result of sensory sources of feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| augmented feedback schedule in which feedback is provided most frequently early in practice and then gradually reduced in frequency as practice continues |
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Term
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Definition
| provision of augmented feedback for each practice attempt in a series of attempts, but only after the series is completed. |
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Term
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Definition
| augmented feedback provided only when performance error falls outside of a predetermined criterion of correctness |
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Term
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Definition
| augmented feedback provided at the completion of a series of practice attempts regarding the average performance of the attempts (often as a numerical average) |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional fading of augmented feedback to a learner based on an instructor's perception of the learner's needs and capabilities |
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Term
| Learner-requested feedback |
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Definition
technique for providing feedback only when a learner requests it
other names: self controlled, self-requested, self-regulated feedback |
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