Term
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Definition
THE master control and communications center in the body
Communication occurs via electrical signals |
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| Nervous system: Functions |
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Definition
Sensory receptors monitor changes
Integration (processing and interpreting)
Response (motor output) |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain and spinal cord, integrative and control centers. |
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| Cranial nerves and spinal nerves, communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body. |
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Term
| Sensory (afferent) division, under PNS |
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Definition
| Somatic and visceral nerve fibers, conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS |
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Term
| Motor (efferent) division, under PNS |
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Definition
| Motor nerve fibers, conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) |
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Term
| Somatic nervous system, under motor division |
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Definition
| Somatic motor (voluntary), conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. |
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Term
| Autonomic nervous system, under motor division |
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Definition
| Visceral motor (involuntary), conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands. |
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Term
| Sympathetic division, under ANS |
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Definition
| Mobilizes body systems during activity |
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Term
| Parasympathetic division, under ANS |
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Definition
| Conserves energy, promotes house-keeping functions during rest. |
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Term
| Sensory (afferent) simplified function |
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Definition
| Carry signals TO brain/spinal cord |
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Term
| Motor (efferent) simplified function |
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Definition
| Carry signals FROM brain/spinal cord. |
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Term
| Somatic simplified function |
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Definition
| Structures external to visceral cavity. |
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Definition
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Definition
Pain, pressure, vibration, temperature
Includes proprioception (sense that detects the amount of stretch in mm, tendons and joint capsules) |
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Definition
| Hearing, equilibrium, vision |
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Term
| Somatic motor (voluntary) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stretch, pain, temperature from viscera |
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Term
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Definition
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| Visceral motor (involuntary) |
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Definition
| autonomic nervous system, Smooth and cardiac mm, gland secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell body, dendrites, axons |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains one nucleus, Metabolic center of neuron (contains organelles) |
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Term
| Group of cell bodies in CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| Group of cell bodies in PNS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Branched processes that extend from cytoplasm of cell body (also have organelles like soma)
Receive stimuli and conduct impulses to cell body |
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Term
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Definition
If myelinated or large, have increased electrical conduction speed
Lengths vary; have axon terminals at end (bulbs)
Is a cytoplasmic extension from cell body |
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Term
| Axons conduct impulses... |
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Definition
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Term
| Myelinated Sheaths: overview |
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Definition
| Myelin speeds up conduction and is produced by: Schwann cells in PNS, Oligodendrocytes in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS, Nodes of Ranvier also present but not as frequent |
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Term
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Definition
| PNS, Gaps called nodes of Ranvier because cells don’t touch |
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Term
| Special characteristics of nervous tissue |
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Definition
Extreme longevity – Live and function for a lifetime
Do not divide – Can’t replace themselves
High metabolic rate – Need oxygen and glucose to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| Junction that controls information transfer from one neuron to the next, Synapse can be excitatory or inhibitory |
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Term
| Synapses: Presynaptic neuron |
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Definition
| conducts signal towards synapse |
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Term
| Synapses: Postsynaptic neuron |
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Definition
| conducts signal away from synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| Multipolar, Bipolar, Unipolar |
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Term
| Neuron structure types: Multipolar |
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Definition
| Most of body’s neurons – many dendrites and an axon (motor neurons, most interneurons) |
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Term
| Neuron structure types: Bipolar |
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Definition
| Processes extend from two sides of body (rare, sensory) |
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Term
| Neuron structure types: Unipolar |
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Definition
| One process that divides like a “T” (sensory neurons) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons |
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Term
| Neuron types functional: sensory neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| Neuron types functional: motor neurons |
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Definition
| carry signal AWAY from CNS |
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Term
| Neuron types functional: Interneurons (association neurons) |
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Definition
| are between sensory and motor neurons – located ONLY in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Have central cell body and branching processes, are smaller than neurons. In general they provide a scaffold of support for neurons and cover non-synaptic parts (to insulate and keep them from interfering with each other) |
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Term
| Neuroglia outnumber neurons in CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| Neuroglia make up what % of brain mass? |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Neuroglia in CNS |
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Definition
| Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocyte |
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Term
| Types of Neuroglia in PNS |
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Definition
| Satellite cells and Schwann cells |
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Term
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Definition
Most abundant neuroglia
Key component of blood brain barrier
Regulate passage of molecules from blood to brain
Only allow small molecules through to brain |
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Term
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Definition
Smallest and least abundant neuroglia
Phagocytes, thorny-looking |
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Term
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Definition
| Form simple epithelial layer that lines central cavity of brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
Produce myelin sheath around nerve cell axons
Fewer branches than astrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Surround cell bodies in ganglia |
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Definition
Surround all axons in PNS
Produce myelin sheath (gaps = nodes of Ranvier) |
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Term
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Definition
Collection (bundle) of neurons outside CNS (in PNS)
Nerves often contain both sensory and motor neurons (mixed nerves)
Some are sensory or motor only though (cranial nerves) |
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Term
| Nerves: Naked eye can see a .... but not an .... |
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Definition
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Term
| Nerves: are composed by many... |
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Definition
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Term
| Nerves: Neurons are held together by... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds each axon (loose CT) |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds bundle of axons (fascicle) |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds entire nerve (bunch of fascicles) |
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Definition
| Chains of neurons that create reflexes, Unlearned and involuntary, somatic or visceral. |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid, automatic, motor response to a stimulus |
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Term
| Components of reflex arcs |
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Definition
| Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Reflex arcs: Sensory neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| Reflex arcs: Integration center |
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Definition
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Term
| Reflex arcs: Motor neuron |
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Definition
| conducts impulse from integration center |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle of gland that responds |
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Term
| Types of reflex arcs: Monosynaptic |
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Definition
One synapse is involved (no interneuron)
Fastest of all reflexes
Classic example is knee jerk |
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Term
| Types of reflex arcs: Polysynaptic |
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Definition
One or more interneurons are part of reflex pathway
Most contain one interneuron (are 3-neuron reflexes)
Most common reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| means cell bodies. Is H-shaped in spinal cord (dorsal half has bodies of interneurons and ventral half has bodies of motor neurons) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Most common neural disability in young adults
Progressive, destroys patches of myelin
Cause is not well understood - autoimmune |
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