Term
| T or F: Sensory input gathers information and uses 1 receptor. |
|
Definition
| False, uses millions of receptors |
|
|
Term
| During the integration function what does the nervous system do? |
|
Definition
| Proccesses and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done |
|
|
Term
| What are effectors that are stimulated by motor output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for sensory division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: The sensory division sends impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are considered somatic sensory fibers? |
|
Definition
| skin, skeletal muscle joints |
|
|
Term
| What are visceral sensory fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the motor division send impulses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What division keeps the CNS constantly informed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also termed the efferent division. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contains a sympathetic and parasympathetic division with opposing effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two principal types of cells in nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cell transmits electrical signals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells wrap and surround neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between neuroglia and neurons? |
|
Definition
| Neuroglia are smaller and outnumber neurons |
|
|
Term
| T or F: neuroglia make up about half of the mass of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most abundant and versatile type of neuroglia? |
|
Definition
| Astrocytes. Hint** Stars are very abundant in the sky. |
|
|
Term
| Which neuroglia appear thorny? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell turns into a special kind of macrophage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a macrophage? |
|
Definition
| Can phagocytize debris and microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| T or F: Ependymal cells are ciliated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are ependymal cells located and what do the cilia allow them to do? |
|
Definition
| Line central cavities of brain and spinal cord. And cilia help circulate CSF |
|
|
Term
| What do Oligodendrocytes produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the neuroglia cells of the CNS. |
|
Definition
| Oligodendrocytes, ependymal, microglial, astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Which neuroglia in the PNS is thought to have the same functions as astrocytes in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neuroglia in the PNS help form myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can schwann cells regenerate nerves in the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neuron cell body called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the biosynthetic center of a neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a cluster of cell bodies in the CNS? PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are bundles of neuron processes in the CNS? PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What extends from the cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provide the neuron with an enormous surface area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the neuron that conducts impulses toward the neuron soma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generate nerve impulses and send them away from the soma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the role of the myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
| Protect and insulate the fibers |
|
|
Term
| T or F: myelin slows transmission of nerve impulses |
|
Definition
| False: increases the speed |
|
|
Term
| What is associated only with axons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: All axons are myelinated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are gaps in the myelin sheath called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regions of the CNS with myelinated fibers are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gray matter contains mostly what? |
|
Definition
| cell bodies, nonmyelinated fibers |
|
|
Term
| What has 3 or more processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major type of neurons in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a bipolar neuron? |
|
Definition
| Two processes. axon and dendrite |
|
|
Term
| Where are bipolar neurons found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for unipolar neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neuron transmits impulses from receptors in skin or organs to CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leakage/nongated channels are always..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do chemically gate/ligand channels open? |
|
Definition
| When the correct chemical binds |
|
|
Term
| What channels open in response to changes in membrane potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Open and close in response to deformation of receptors? |
|
Definition
| Mechanically gated channels |
|
|
Term
| During resting membrane potential or polarized state what is the voltage across the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does depolarization increase the probability of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During depolarization is the membrane more or less negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hyperpolarization reduce the probability of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the membrane potential more or less negative than resting potential during hyperpolarization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is essential to initiate an action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give me three words to describe graded potentials. |
|
Definition
| short lived, localized, decremental |
|
|
Term
| How is the charge lost during a membrane potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the strength of the graded potential determined? |
|
Definition
| However strong the stimulus is is how strong the graded potential is |
|
|
Term
| T or F: Graded potentials act as signals over long distances. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Graded potentials act as signals over long distances. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main way that neurons communicate? |
|
Definition
| Through action potentials |
|
|
Term
| Only cells with excitable membranes can generate action potentials. What cells have excitable membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do action potentials do to the membrane? |
|
Definition
| briefly reverse the membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| T or F: Action potentials decrease in strength over long distances. |
|
Definition
| False, their strength does not decrease. |
|
|
Term
| What is the total amplitude change during an action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has to happen to the neuron for the action potential to be transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During resting state what ion channels are closed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At rest is the activation gate opened or closed? |
|
Definition
| Closed, if it were open then the membrane wouldn't be at rest it would be activated |
|
|
Term
| How many voltage sensitive gates does each Na channel have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the inactivation gate closed or open at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many voltage sensitive gates does each K channel have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is K open or closed at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during depolarizing phase? |
|
Definition
Na channel activation opens quickly
Na rushes in
influx of positive charge causes membrane to keep depolarizing and causes more activation gates to open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Depolarization is self generating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the inactivation gate close quickly or slowly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does K+ gate open quickly or slowly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During repolarization what gate is the inactivation gate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does Na+ stop flowing into the cell? |
|
Definition
| During repolarization the membrane passes 0 mV and becomes so positive that it cannot hold anymore Na |
|
|
Term
| Why does Na+ stop flowing into the cell? |
|
Definition
| During repolarization the membrane passes 0 mV and becomes so positive that it cannot hold anymore Na |
|
|
Term
| T or F: K gates are quick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For hyperpolarization does K permeability last longer or shorter? |
|
Definition
| Longer, this causes and excess amount of K+ |
|
|
Term
| What is the all or none phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| It happens completely or not at all. |
|
|
Term
| How far across the axon is an action potential sent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is absolute refractory period? |
|
Definition
| Period from opening of sodium channels to when they reset. |
|
|
Term
| What is absolute refractory period? |
|
Definition
| Period from opening of sodium channels to when they reset. |
|
|
Term
| What does the absolute refractory period ensure? |
|
Definition
| That each AP is separate and enforces one way transmission of AP |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the relative refractory period? |
|
Definition
| Repolarization, this follows absolute refractory period |
|
|
Term
| What does the rate of the action potential depend on? |
|
Definition
| axon diameter, degree of myelination |
|
|
Term
| T or F: the larger the diameter of the axon the slower the AP will travel. |
|
Definition
| False, the faster it will travel |
|
|
Term
| How many inputs are there in a diverging circuit? Ouputs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Converging has how many inputs and outputs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 componets of reflex arc |
|
Definition
receptor
sensory neuron
integration center
motor neuron
effector |
|
|
Term
| What type of processing is necessary for higher mental functioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does serial processing do? |
|
Definition
| reflexes, predictable all or nothing manner |
|
|
