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| The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span. |
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| The settings, influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors, in which development occurs. |
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| The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation. |
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| Comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures. These comparisons provide information about the degree to which children's development is similar, or universal, across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture-specific. |
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| A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language. |
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| Socioeconomic Status (SES) |
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| An individual's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. |
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| The characteristics of people as females or males. |
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| A government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens. |
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| Advocated during the Middle Ages, the belief that children were born into the world as evil beings and were basically bad. |
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| The idea, proposed by John Locke, that children are not innately bad but are like a "blank tablet." |
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| The idea, presented by Swiss-born French-philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, that children are inherently good. |
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| The study of how children's knowledge changes over the course of their development. |
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| Changes in an individual's body. |
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| Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language. |
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| Changes in an individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality. |
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| The time from conception to birth. |
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| The developmental period that extends from birth to 18 to 24 months of age. |
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| The developmental period that extends from the end of infancy to about 5 to 6 years of age; sometimes called the pre-school years. |
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| Middle and Late Childhood |
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| The developmental period that extends from about 6 to 11 years of age; sometimes called the elementary school years. |
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| The developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood, entered at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ending at 18 to 22 years of age. |
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| The issue regarding whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. The "nature"proponents claim biological inheritance is the more important influence on development; the "nurture" proponents claim that environmental experiences are the more important. |
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| Continuity-Discontinuity Issue |
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| The issue regarding whther development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages. |
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| Early-Later Experience Issue |
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| The issue of the degree to which early experiences (especially infancy) or later experiences are the key determinants of the child's development. |
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| An approach that can be used to obtain accurate information. It includes these steps: (1) conceptualize the problem, (2) collect data, (3) draw conclusions, (4) revise research conclusions and theory. |
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| An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and make predictions. |
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| A specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy. |
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| Describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized. |
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| Includes 8 stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. |
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| A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. |
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| Information-Processing Theory |
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| Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking. |
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| The view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development. |
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| Stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. |
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