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Definition
| Systematic continuities and changes in the individual that occur between conception and death. |
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| Systematic Changes vs. Continuity |
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Definition
| Orderly, patterned changes versus staying the same |
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Definition
| One of two important processes that underlie developmental change. Biological unfolding of the indivdual according to species typical biological inheritance and individual person's biological inheritance. |
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Definition
| One of two processes that underlie developmental change. Our experiences produce relatively permanent changes in our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. We change in response to learning from our environments. |
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| Goals Developmentalists Pursue |
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Definition
| Describe, Explain, and Optimize Development |
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Definition
| Typical patterns of change |
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Definition
| Individual variations in patterns of change |
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| Development as a Holistic Process |
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Definition
| Incorporates physical growth, cognitive growth, and psychosocial aspects |
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Term
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Definition
| Capacity for change in response to positive or negative life experiences. Development chan change abruptly if one's life changes. Ex: Highly aggressive children who are intensely disliked by peers often improve their social statsu after learning and practicing social skills that popular children display. |
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| Thomas Hobbe's view of children |
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Definition
| Doctrine of original sin held that children are inherently selfish egoists who must be restrained by society. |
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| Jean Jacques Rousseau's view of children |
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Definition
| Doctrine of innate purity- children are born knowing right from wrong, but society corrupts. |
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Term
| John Locke's view of development |
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Definition
| Infant mind is a tabula rasa or "blank slate" and children have no inborn tendencies. How they turn out depends entirely on their wordly experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Period in 19th century when investigators recorded their own children's development. Charles Darwin notable (incorporated evolution theory into infant development) |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducted first large scale scientific investigations of children, and is considered to be the founder of developmental psychology. Developed questionaire where he discovered children's understanding of the world grows rapidly during childhood and that the logic of children is not very logical at all. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Creator of psycholanalytic Theory. Id, Ego, Superego. Oral, Anal, etc. stages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of conception and propositions that describe and explain some aspect of experience. Good theories can predict future events through hypotheses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of objective and replicable methods to gather data for the purpose of testing a theory or hypothesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Yields consistent information over time and across observers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures what it is supposed to measure. An instrument must be reliable before it can be valid. Yet, reliability by itself cannot guarantee validity. |
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Term
| Self Report Methodologies |
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Definition
| Interviews and Questionnaires, and the clinical method. |
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Term
| Williams, Bennett, and Best 1975 |
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Definition
| Questionnaire that determined 5 year old children are knowledgeable about gender stereotypes. Give descriptions of characters, and they will tell you which gender they are according to the characteristics. |
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Term
| Shortcomings with interviews and questionnaires |
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Definition
| Cannot be used with young children who cannot read, write, or speak. May be biased answers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Participant presented with task or stimulus, and after they respond interviewer asks second question to clarify participants original answer. It is hard to compare answers of participants who are asked different questions, but the tailored questions give investigators a rich understanding. |
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Term
| Observational Methodologies |
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Definition
| Naturalistic Observation and Structured Observation |
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Term
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Definition
| Observing in everyday surroundings. Can be limited by observer influence,and also by behaviors that are unlikely to be observed (thievery). |
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Term
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Definition
| Each child observed during 10 minute play sessions on three different days. |
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Term
| Haskett and Kistner (1991) |
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Definition
| Compared social behaviors of nonabused and abused preschoolers. Time sampling procedure was used. It was determined that abused children display more aggressive acts and are unattractive playmates who are likely to be disliked and rejected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Participants exposed to controlled settings in laboratory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structured observation. Got children to help him with a boring task/left them in a room with toys/some children continued to work and others played with toys. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studied interaction between 4 month olds and mothers, to study impact of cocaine. Cocaine exposed infants and mothers did not appear to be engaged in social interaction that facilitates social and cognitive development in later months. |
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Term
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Definition
| Case study of teenage boys which found that people make sense of themselves and others through socially interactive conversation. By talking about other people, you demonstrate where you feel your own moral ground is, and communicate that stance to others. |
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Term
| Limitations of Case Studies |
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Definition
| Cannot generalize, cannot compare easily because information is so specific. |
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Term
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Definition
| Live within subculture or culture for months or years. Highly subjective method. |
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Term
| Psychophysiological Methods |
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Definition
| Techniques that measure relationship between physiological responses and behavior. |
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Term
| Examples of Psychophysiological Measurement |
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Definition
| Heart Beat, Brain function (EEG). |
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Term
| Ways of Detecting Relationships |
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Definition
| Correlational, Experimental, and Cross Cultural Designs |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship of two or more variables to see if they are meaningfully related. |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbolized by r, this statistic provides a numerical estimate of the strength and direction ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides a precise assessment of the cause and effect relationship that exists between two variables. Independent variables represent treatments presented to participants, dependent variables is the result. |
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Term
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Definition
| A possible unknown third variable, which is why we use random assignment to gain experimental control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for experimental control. Each research participant has an equal probability of being exposed to each experimental treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Confirm laboratory findings in the real world. |
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Term
| Natural (quasi-) Experiment |
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Definition
| Observe consequences of a natural event that participants have experienced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Guard against the over generalization of findings by comparing cultures. |
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