Term
| Application architectures |
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Definition
| the arrangement of how application layer functions are spread among computers to deliver service to users |
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| in terminal-host computing, the host that provides the processing power |
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Definition
| a desktop machine with a keyboard and display but very little processing capability; processing is done on a host computer |
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Definition
| the difference between the time a user types a request to the time the user receives a response |
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Definition
| text of one color against a contrasting background |
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Definition
| a system where some processing power is on the client computer. The two types of client/server systems are file server program access and full client/server processing |
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Definition
| client/server processing applications that use ordinary browsers as client programs |
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Definition
| the initial standard for email bodies |
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Definition
| updated standard for email bodies |
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Definition
| body part in Hypertext Markup Language message |
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Term
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Definition
| the standard that allows characters of all languages to be represented |
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Term
| Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) |
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Definition
| Post Office Protocol (POP) |
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Term
| Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) |
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Definition
| one of the two protocols used to download received e-mail from an e-mail server; offers more features but is less popular than POP |
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Term
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Definition
| web-enabled e-mail. User needs only a browser to send and read e-mail |
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Term
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Definition
| software that scans computers to protect them against viruses, worms, and Trojan horses arriving in e-mail attachments and other propagation methods |
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Term
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Definition
| unsolicited commercial e-mails |
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Term
| Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) |
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Definition
| the language used to create webpages |
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Term
| Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) |
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Definition
| the protocol that governs interactions between the browser and webserver application program |
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Term
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Definition
| an indicator on an HTML file to show where the browser should render graphics files, when it should play audio files, and so forth |
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Term
| HTTP request-response cycles |
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Definition
| an HTTP client request followed by an HTTP server response |
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Term
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Definition
| in HTTP, a message in which a client requests a file or another service from a server |
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Term
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Definition
| small Java program that is downloaded as part of a webpage |
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Term
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Definition
| in HTTP, a message in which a server responds to a client request; either contains a requested file or an error message explaining why the requested file could not be supplied |
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Term
| MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) |
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Definition
| a standard for specifying the contents of files |
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Term
| Electronic commerce (e-commerce) |
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Definition
| the buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet |
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Term
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Definition
| part of an e-commerce site that shows the foods it has for sale |
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Term
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Definition
| software sold to merchants that automate the creation of catalog pages and other e-commerce functionality |
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Term
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Definition
| a core e-commerce function that holds goods for the buyer while he or she is shopping |
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Term
| Payment mechanisms and shipping mechanisms |
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Definition
| in e-commerce, ways for purchasers to pay for their ordered goods or services and have them delivered to them |
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Term
| Customer Relationship Management (CRM) |
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Definition
| software that examines customer data to understand the preference of a company’s customers |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of browsers becoming buyers |
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Term
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Definition
| in e-commerce, a consumer returning to a site where he or she had made a purchase previously and making another purchase; essential to profitability |
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Term
| Credit card verification service |
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Definition
| an e-commerce service that checks the validity of the credit card number a user has typed |
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Term
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Definition
| an e-commerce service that handles credit card payments |
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Term
| Internal back-end systems |
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Definition
| in e-commerce, an internal system that handles accounting, pricing, product availability, shipment, and other matters |
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Term
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Definition
| a server used by large e-commerce sites that accepts user data from a front-end webserver, assembles information from other servers, and creates a webpage to send back to the user |
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Term
| Application Program Interface |
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Definition
| a specification that allows application server programs to interact directly with database systems |
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Term
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Definition
| an architecture where processing is done in three places: on the client, on the application server, and on other servers |
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Term
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Definition
| a way to send processing requests to program (object) on another machine. The object has an interface to the outside world and methods that it is willing to undertake. Messages are sent in SOAP format |
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Term
| Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) |
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Definition
| a standardized way for a Web service to expose its methods on an interface to the outside world |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anyone can offer Web services and everybody else can use them |
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Term
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Definition
| In SOAP, the fact that Web service objects do not have to be written in any particular language |
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Term
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Definition
| in Web services, a well-defined action that a SOAP message can request |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| XML (eXtensible Markup Language) |
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Definition
| whereas HTML expresses the formatting of messages and does not allow users to create their own tags, XML allows communities of users to create their own tags—for example, and , which have meanings to their communities |
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Term
| Web Services Description Language (WSDL) |
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Definition
| WSDL service sends a list of service objects and a descriptions for how to use each of them |
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Term
| Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) |
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Definition
| a protocol that is a distributed database that helps users find appropriate Web services |
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Term
| Peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture |
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Definition
| the application architecture in which most or all work is done by cooperating user computers, such as desktop PCs. If server are present at all, they serve only facilitating roles and do not control the processing |
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Term
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Definition
| all clients communicate with a central server for their work |
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Term
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Definition
| a pure P2P file-sharing application that addresses the problems of transient presence and transient IP addresses without resorting to the use of any server |
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Term
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Definition
| networking in which the user’s PC connects to one or a few other user PCs, which each connect to several other user PCs. When the user’s PC first connects, it sends an initiation message to introduce itself via viral networking. Subsequent search queries sent by the user also are passed virally to all computers reachable within a few hops; used in Gnutella |
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Term
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Definition
| “server-ish” client in Gnutella that is always on, that has a fixed IP address, that has many files to share, and that is connected to several other super clients |
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Term
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Definition
| a server that solves certain problems in P2P interactions but allows clients to engage in P2P communication for most of the work |
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Term
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Definition
| a server used by Napster. Stations connected to Napster would first upload a list of their files available for sharing to index servers. Later, when they searched, their searches went to the index servers and were returned from there |
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Term
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Definition
| a popular P2P application that allows two users to type messages back and forth in real time |
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Term
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Definition
| a server used in many P2P systems; knows the IP addresses of each user and also whether the user is currently on line and perhaps whether or not the user is willing to chat |
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Term
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Definition
| a server used in some IM systems, which every message flows through. Relay servers permit the addition of special services, such as scanning for viruses when files are transmitted in a IM system |
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Term
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Definition
| rules that require IM messages to be captured and stored in order to comply with legal requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| a project from the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), in which volunteers download SETI@home screen savers that are really programs. These programs do work for the SETI@home server when the volunteer computer is idle. Processing ends when the user begins to do work |
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Term
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Definition
| computing in which all devices, whether clients or servers, share their processing resources |
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