Term
|
Definition
| connective tissues between nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spinal cord gives rise to ___ pairs of spinal nerves. cervical and lumbosacral enlargments give rise to the spinal nerves of the _____. |
|
|
Term
| shorter, L1-L2, cauda equina |
|
Definition
| the spinal cord is ___ than the vertebral column it stops at about _______. nerves from the end form the _________. |
|
|
Term
| periosteum of vertebral canal, dura mater |
|
Definition
| the epidural space is between the _____ and the ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the subarachnoid space is between what two layers? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the space between the periosteum of the vert canal and the dura mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the space in the meninges where a spinal tap would be performed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ ligaments and other connecting tendons keep the spinal nerves in place |
|
|
Term
columns, tracts, axons
(funiculus = "slender rope", fascicle = bundle/cluster) |
|
Definition
| white matter is organized into _____ (funiculi), which are subdivided into ______ (fasciculi or pathways), which consist of bundled ascending and descending _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ horns contain sensory axons that synapse with interneurons, off the spinous processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ horns contain the neuron cell bodies of somatic motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ horns contain the neuron cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gray and white ________ connect each half of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dorsal horns contain ____ that synapse with _____ |
|
|
Term
| neuron cell bodies, somatic motor neurons |
|
Definition
| the ventral horns contain the _____ of ______ |
|
|
Term
| neuron cell bodies, autonomic motor neurons |
|
Definition
| the lateral horns contaIN the ______ of _______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the commisures in the spinal cord do what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spinal nerves come from cord in rootlets, which combine to form a ___ and a ___ root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all sensory axons come through the ____ root. they have no connection with any other neurons until they get to the ______ _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ventral root has ___ neurons? dorsal root? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spinal nerves have sensory and motor ____. motor axons are in the ____ root, sensory axons are in the ____ root |
|
|
Term
| stereotypic, unconscious, involuntary |
|
Definition
| reflexes have what three characteristics? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the main purpose of reflexes is what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ reflexes would be responsible for removing the body from painful stimuli, while ____ reflexes are are responsible for maintaining blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ reflextes are responsible for maintaining variables within their normal ranges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ reflexes would cause movement because of extenral forces. |
|
|
Term
| sensory receptors, sensory neurons |
|
Definition
| the first two things that happen in a reflex arc are, ______ respond to stimuli and produce action potentials in sensory neurons, and ____ ____ propagate APs to the CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a reflex arc, once the action potential reaches the CNS, _____ synapse with sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
| motor neurons, effector organs |
|
Definition
| in the last two steps of the reflex arc, ____ carry APs from the CNS to ______, which respond to the AP |
|
|
Term
| sensory receptor, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, effector organs |
|
Definition
| type of receptor, neurons and organs involved in a reflex arc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a _____ is the functional unit of the nervous system. it does not involve the _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of tissue would be the effector organ in a somatic reflex arc? |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| what type of effector organs would be involved in an autonomic reflex arc? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reflex arc goes first throught the ___ root of the sp cord, then returns through the ____ root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______ can suppress or exaggerate reflexes |
|
|
Term
| both convergent and divergent |
|
Definition
| what type of neural pathways interact with reflexes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflexes are _____ within the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| spinal, stretch, golgi tendon, withdrawl |
|
Definition
| a ___ reflex doesn't involve the brain. what three types of reflexes we discussed DO involve the brain? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflex that prevents hyperextension of a muscle. its opposite causes the removal of a body part from a painful stimulus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if a person begins to lean to one side, the receptors in the spine will act to maintain posture. what type of reflex? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this reflex causes skeletal muscles to relax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reflex that would make you drop something too heavy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflex that involves activation of pain receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of connective tissue surrounding an individual axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue surrouncing a group of axons (fasicle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure surrounding a nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ are groups of axons bound by the perineurium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of fasicles bound by the epineurium forms what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of axons are called ______, and groups of those are called ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fasicle is a group of _____, bound by the ______ |
|
|
Term
| eight, twelve, five, five, one |
|
Definition
| the 31 pairs of nerves are divided into ____ cervical, ____ thoracic, ____ lumbar, _____ sacral and ____ coccygeal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific cutaneous region that spinal nerves serve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spinal nerves branch to form ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dorsal rami supply the ____ and ____ near the middle of the back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep back muscles and the vertebral column would have nerves in the ____ rami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ventral rami form ____ nerves, which supply the thorax and upper abdomen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ____ ____ in the thoracic region form intercostal nerves, which are important to what muscle? |
|
|
Term
| cervical, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
|
Definition
| four regions of ventral rami that join to form plexuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communicating rami supply ______ nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ _____ join to form cervical, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal plexuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the major nerve in the cervical plexus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cervical plexus nerves emerge from what vertebrae? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brachial plexus emerges from what vertebrae? |
|
|
Term
| l1 -l4, l4 - s4, lumbosacral |
|
Definition
| the lumbar plexus emerges from what vertebrae? the sacral plexus? these two are often combined and given what name? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the vertebrae from which the coccygeal plexus emerges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axillary nerves come from which plexus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| musculocutaneous and median nerves come from what plexus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the obturator and common fibular nerves would arise from what plexus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundles of neurons in the PNS are called ____ _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ ___ connects one part of the nervous system with another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of nerve cell bodies is called _____? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ganglia are often bundled together to form a _____. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of nerve cell bodies (soma) in the CNS is called a _____, and in the PNS is called a ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ____ is a single excitable cell, and a ____ is composed of a group of axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerves are found in the _____, and neurons are found in ____? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two types of neurons are ____ and _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| axons from different _____ of the spinal cord intermingle within ______, and give rise to nerves that have axons from more than one level of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerves arising from plexuses are distributed to the ____ ____ throughout the body, and also supply the ____ |
|
|
Term
| brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum |
|
Definition
| the four main parts of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain |
|
Definition
| the brainstem consists of these three parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects the spinal cord and cerebellum to the remainder of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most important part of the brain. it is continuous with the spinal cord and contains asceding and descending tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ _____ regulate the heart, blood vessels, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, ballance coordination among other things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the _____ in the medulla oblongata are tracts controling voluntary muscle movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the brainstem superior to the medulla, that connects the cerebrum and the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ and _____ tracts pass through the pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ ____ regulate chewing and salivation, as well as helping medullary nuclei with other functions |
|
|
Term
| midbrain, corpora, substantia, red, peduncles |
|
Definition
| the ___ is superior to the pons and contains the ____ quadrigemina, the ____ nigra and the ____ nucleus, as well as cerebral ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corpora quadrigemina are located in the _____ of the brain stem and consist of four _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the corpora quadrigemina, two inferior colliculi are involved in ______, and two superior colliculi in ____ reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the midbrain, the substantia ____ and the _____ nucleus help regulate body movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ peduncles are the major descending motor pathway in the midbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ___ ____ consists of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem and regulates cyclic motor functions, such as breathing, walking and chewing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breathing, walking and chewing are cyclic motor functions regulated by what part of the brainstem? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ____ activating system maintains conscousness and regulate the sleep/wake cycle |
|
|
Term
| reticular activating system |
|
Definition
| damage to this part of the reticular formation in the brain can result in coma |
|
|
Term
| reticular activating system |
|
Definition
| general anesthesia works on this part of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "fine tuning"/complex movements like piano playing are associated with this part of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ _____ forms the cortex and nuclei of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gray matter forms the ____ and _____ of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ___ ____ in the cerebellum is called the arbor vitae, and connects it to the rest of the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ___________ lobe in the cerebellum controls balance and eye movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the flocculonodular lobe, vermis and lateral hemispheres are three parts of what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ____ and medial part of the lateral ______ control posture, locomotion and fine motor coordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this part of the cerebellum is involved with complex movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the diencephalon consists of the _____, the sub-_____, the epi-_____ and the hypo-______ |
|
|
Term
| thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| four parts of the diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| thalamus, interthalamic adhesion |
|
Definition
| the ____ looks like a yo-yo, with its two lobes connected by the ____ ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the thalamus functions as an ______ center. all sensory input except _____ synapses in the thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the thalamus interacts with other parts of the brain to control ______ activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the thalamus not only interacts to control motor activity, it is also involved in ______ and _____ perception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all sensory input except for smell synapses in this part of the diencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ____ is inferior to the thalamus and is involved in motor function, while the _____ is superior and posterior to the thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the epithalamus consists of the ____ nuclei, which influence the emotions through the sense of smell, and the ____ body, which may play a role in the onset of puberty and the sleep-wake cycle |
|
|
Term
| pineal body, epithalamus, diencephalon |
|
Definition
| melatonin is made in this specific part of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this part of the epithalamus influences emotions through the sense of smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two parts of this brain structure are the habenular nuclei and the pineal body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this part of the diencephalon is the MAIN VISCERAL CONTROL CENTER OF THE BODY AND VITALLY IMPORTANT TO OVERALL BODY HOMEOSTASIS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hypothalamus is the control center of the _____ nervous sytem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "center of homeostasis" |
|
|
Term
| emotional, temperature, intake, endocrine, mammilary |
|
Definition
| the hypothalamus is the center for ____ behavior, body ____ regulation, regulation of ___ and ____ intake, control of the ____ system functioning, and the ______ bodies in the hypothalamus are reflex centers for olfaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflex centers for olfaction in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cortex of the cerebrum is folded into ridges called _____ and grooves called ___ or _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ____ ____ divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula |
|
Definition
| each hemisphere of the cerebrum has these five lobes |
|
|
Term
| central, lateral, parieto-occipital |
|
Definition
| three sulci separating the cerebral lobes are the ____, ____ and ______ |
|
|
Term
| central, lateral, parieto-occipital |
|
Definition
| three sulci separating the cerebral lobes are the ____, ____ and ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lobe which controls smell, hearing, memory and abstract thought, and judgement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ lobe controls motivation, agression and sense of ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lobe tha controls general senses, as well as the specialized senses of touch, pain and temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ lobes are involved in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, and mood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ lobes contain major areas receiving sensory input, such as touch, pain, temperature, balance and taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ lobes evaluate smell and hearing input, and are involved in memory, abstract thought, judgement and speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ____ is a cerebral lobe located deep within the lateral fissure, and is associated with emotions/feelings/addiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ ____ forms the cortex and nuclei of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gray matter forms the ___ and ____ of the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white matter forms the _____ _____ in the cerebrum, and consists of three types of _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibers in the cerebral white matter tha connect areas of the cortex within the same hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ fibers in the cerebral white matter connect the hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ fibers connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ ____ in the cerebrum include the corpus striatum, subthalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basal nuclei in the cerebraum are important in controlling ______ ______l |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ___ system in the cerebraum is involved in emotions and memory |
|
|
Term
| cerebral, basal, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory |
|
Definition
| the limbic system includes parts of the ____ cortex, the ____ nuclei, the ___ and ______, and the ______ cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ____ ____ attaches to the skull and has two layers that can separate to form folds and venous sinuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dura matter has two layers that can separate to form dural ____ and dural ____ _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the _____ space contains CSF that helps cushion the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this layer of the meninges attaches directly to the brain |
|
|
Term
| interventricular foramina |
|
Definition
| the lateral ventricles in the cerebrum are connected to the third ventricle in the diencephalon by the ______ ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the interventricular foramina, which is close to the thalamus, connects the _____ ventricles and the ____ ventricle in the diencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the third ventricle in the brain is connected to the fourth ventricle by the ____ _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cerebral aqueduct connects the ___ ventricle to the ___ ventricle in the pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this part of the spinal cord is connected to the fourth ventricle and contains cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fourth ventricle is connected to the subarachnoid space by ____ and ____ apertures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the median and lateral apertures are near the ___ in the brainstem and connect the fourth ventricle and subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CSF is produced from the blood in the ____ ____ of each ventricle by ependymal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CSF is produced by _____ cells in the choroid plexus of each ______ |
|
|
Term
| third, fourth, subarachnoid |
|
Definition
| CSF moves from the lateral ventricle to the ___, then the ____ ventricle. from there it enters the _______ space through three apertures |
|
|
Term
| granulations, dural venous |
|
Definition
| CSF leaves the subarachnoid space through arachnoid ________ and returns to the blood in the ____ _____ sinuses |
|
|
Term
| choroid plexus, lateral, third, fourth, subarachnoid space, dural venous |
|
Definition
| name the six areas in the path of CSF, in order of where it is produced to where it returns to the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brain is only about ___ percent of body weight, but receives ___ to ___ percent of the blood pumped by the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the blood-brain barrier is formed by these cells in the capillaries in the brain |
|
|
Term
| olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal |
|
Definition
| twelve pairs of cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal |
|
Definition
| old optometrists & octopi travel, tripping about fantastic verdant glades & valleys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double vision, droopy eyelid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facial sensation, weak bite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taste posterior 1/3 tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
