Term
| What are the two environmentally hazardous gases produced as products of burning coal. |
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Definition
SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide, responsible for acid rain.
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide - greenhouse gas that plays a role in global warming. |
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Term
| Acid rain forms from the burning of coal, when SO2 combines with oxygen to form H2SO4. |
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Definition
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Term
| Coal is given a rank based on the total amount of potential heat energy, mostly determined by the ____ of the coal |
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Definition
| The age of the coal. Older = Better |
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Term
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Definition
| People who didn't restore the land they used for coal mining. |
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Term
| The _____________________________________ of 1977 requires that all mined land be restored to an usable condition. |
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Definition
The Surface Mine and Reclamation Act of 1977.
**Only includes land that was mined after the act was passed. |
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Term
| What country is the world's leading exporter of coal (primarily to Asian nations) |
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Definition
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Term
| Over half of the recoverable coal reserves are found in _____countries. |
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Definition
Four (4) Countries:
Unites States, Russia, India, China |
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Term
True or False:
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. |
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Definition
| True: Coal is the most abundant fossil fuels with an estimated recoverable reserves at more than 1 Trillion tons - enough to last 200 years. |
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Term
| The two most significant uses of coal in the U.S are ___________ and ________ |
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Definition
The production of steel
Generate steam power |
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Term
| Most economical deposits of coal are believed to have originated in _______. Why? |
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Definition
| River deltas or mountain basins where there are numerous stream channels and back swamps. The saturated conditions help block out oxygen and hence slow the break down of organic material, leading to the accumulation of thick organic deposits that eventually turn into coal. Delta's are also depositional centers where sediment acquires. |
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Term
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Definition
| As additional sediment deposits accumulate, the increasing weight compacts and transforms the organic matter into a more compact form. |
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Term
| Coal is heavily concentrated by what element? |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of carbon content in coal increases with ________ and __________. |
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Definition
| Time and depth of burial. |
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Term
| Order the ranks of coal according to increasing amounts of carbon content. |
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Definition
1)Ligmite 3)Bituminous
2)Sub-Bituminous 4) Anthracite |
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Term
| If the temperature and pressure go beyond that of anthracite, the coal will________________ |
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Definition
| metamorphoes and form a mineral deposit of graphite. |
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Term
| Extracting coal from underground and surfacing mining techniques usually requires the removal of the mineral ______ as well. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Coals found in the Western United States contain relatively few sulfide minerals compared to coals in the Eastern United States. |
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Definition
| True: Due in part that some of the western coals were deposited and formed in freshwater environments as opposed to the marine (salt water) origin of the East Coast. Created a coal-mining boom in the West when regulations were passed to reduce the impact of acid rain from coal emissions. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of producing natural methane (CH4) gas from coal and reducing carbon emissions. Coal is ground up, combined with water to produce a slurry, slurry combined with O2, high temp. and pressure reaction produces methane gas.
**Gas is burned in a gas turbine (producing power). The Heat created produces steam to power steam trubines |
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Term
| Petroleum Resources are (similar/dissimilar) to coal in that it contains combustible _______ that originates from organic material, hence is ultimately derived from ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Two primary forms of petroleum are _______ and ________. _______ Sands and _____________ gas are also included. |
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Definition
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Tar Sands
Unconventional gas |
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Term
| Conventional land-based recovery of petroleum is done with ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The LARGEST sea platform today is: |
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Definition
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Term
| The Largest oil producers in the world: |
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Definition
Saudi Aramco
National Iranian Oil Co.
Kuwait Petroleum
Mexico - Venezuela |
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Term
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Definition
| Denotes an organic rich rock from which hydrocarbons can be generated. Most common source rocks are thought to be marine shales. |
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Term
| _______ is synonymously uses with Petroleum because of the greater amount of _______ found in petroleum than coal. |
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Definition
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Term
________ is a complex misture of hydrogen and carbon compounds
unrefined liquid phase is called ________
vapor phase is called _________ |
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Definition
Petroleum
Crude Oil
Natural Gas |
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Term
| At _______ feet petroleum source rocks enter the _______ window, where temperatures are high to high enough to turn organic material into oil. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The depth (15,000 ft) at which the petroleum is considered natural gas, because high temperatures are high enough to breakdown the remaining oil. |
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Term
True or False:
At 40,000 feet, petroleum rocks are transformed into graphite. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Any configuration of rocks in the subsurface that allows hydrocarbons to accumulate.
**The top fold of an inclined aquifers that creates a trap for less-dense hydrocarbons as the more-dense water is forced to flow downward. |
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Term
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Definition
| That part of an aquifer where hydrocarbons are stored. |
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Term
| Why does natural gas always occupy the highest point in a trap |
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Definition
| It contains the lightest of all the hydrocarbon molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The arch-shaped fold that is one of the most common types of petroleum traps. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which hydrocarbon c=molecules are separated into different fractions base don their density. |
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Term
| The total amount of energy a country uses depends on two things: |
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Definition
1) the size of its economy
2) its population
**Largest Energy Consumers: U.S, China, Russia, Japan, India. |
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Term
Hubberts's Peak
Peak Oil Theory |
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Definition
| Geologist's Hubbert's predictive model that oil petroleum production would peak in the 1970's. Hubbert based his model off the Peak Oil Theory. It was scoffed at first but proved to be followed precisely when in 1970 U.S petroleum production actually peaked. |
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Term
| Coal and petroleum are energy sources in that they are different than electricity because.... |
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Definition
| an energy source is a form of energy humans can use directly, like sunlight and falling water. Energy is not a resource because it has to be made. |
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Term
| What forces eventually transform organic-rich deposits into coal. |
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Definition
Pressure (from being burried)
Heat (from earth's core)
Time
Organic Material - plants that harvest sunlight - hence contain carbon. |
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Term
| Petroleum originates from ________ found in organic-rich sedimentary rocks, referred to source rocks, that get buried and converted in |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
Fossil fuels make up 89%-94% of the energy of the two largest country consumers. |
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Definition
| True; the two largest energy consumers are the U.S and China |
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Term
True or False:
Most industrialized nations do have sufficient energy resources to meet their own needs. |
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Definition
| False - nearly 60% of all crude oil reserves are held by the Persian Gulf nations in the Middle East |
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Term
| The Peak Oil Theory holds the production of conventional oil will reach its peak between ____ and _____. |
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Definition
| as early as 2005 and as late as 2040 |
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Term
Most solutions to the current energy crisis include:
a. increasing the supply of oil
b. decreasing demand by conservation
c. both of these |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common type of Petroleum Source rock? |
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Definition
| Marine Shale high in concentration of remains of marine plankton. |
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