Term
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Definition
| The growth of the uterus and breasts during pregnancy and renders the connective tissues in the pelvic region more flexible in preparation for birth. |
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Term
| How much does the basal metabolic rate rise each term of a pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the fetus use as its primary energy source? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does plasma volumes double during pregnancy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is one of the results in the increase of plasma volume during pregnancy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What increases in the kidneys to accommodate the expanded maternal blood volume and to carry away fetal waste products? |
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Definition
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) |
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Term
| PRogesterone may slow GI motility during pregnancy leading to? (3) |
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Definition
1. constipation
2. heartburn
3. delayed gastric emptying |
|
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Term
| What are the 3 components to maternal weight gain? |
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Definition
1. maternal blood composition changes including increased blood and extracellular fluid volume
2. the maternal support tissues such as the increased size of uterus and breasts
3. The products of conception including the fetus and placenta |
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Term
| Failure to gain adequately during what trimester leads to what? |
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Definition
1. 2nd trimester
2. leads to low birth wieght of infant |
|
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Term
| In calories, what is the total energy cost of pregnancy? |
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Definition
| 68,000 kcal or 80,000 kcal |
|
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Term
| What is the current recommendation for extra calories a pregnant women should consume per day? |
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Definition
| 300 extra kcals during second and third trimester |
|
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Term
| What is the recommendation for protein for a pregnant women? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does excessive vitamin A or D cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is folate important for in pregnancy? |
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Definition
| prevention of neural tube defects |
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Term
| Because 30 mg/ day of iron is hard to fit in a diet, what should women take starting what trimenter? |
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Definition
| 30 mg ferrous iron daily beginning the second trimester |
|
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Term
| What is the most common complications of pregnancy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where does the fetus store iron the first 4 months of life? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| an agent capapble of forming a malformation or defect in an unborn fetus. |
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Term
| What are potential teratogens? (4) |
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Definition
1. caffeine
2. alcohol
3. drugs
4. tobacco |
|
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Term
| OTher concerns affecting the course and outcome of pregnancy include? (6) |
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Definition
1. strenous exercise
2. maternal age
MEDICAL CONDITIONS THAT REQUIRE NUTRITION INTERVENTION:
3. hypertension
4. diabetes
5. phenylkatonuria
6. HIV |
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Term
| What amount should women have of caffeine during pregnancy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Should women take over the counter drugs druing pregnancy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What over the counter drug causes craniofacial abnormalities and microcephaly? |
|
Definition
| isotretinoin (Accutane) is an acne medication |
|
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Term
| Why is Accutane so dangerous during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| It contains high levels of retinoic acid in a vitamin A analog. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormally smallness of head with brain underdevelopment. |
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Term
| Is there any safe level of alcohol during pregnancy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does Fetal Alcohol Syndrome effect? (2) |
|
Definition
1. anatomic
2. Central
NERVOUS SYSTEMS |
|
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Term
| What does smoking tobacco during preganacy cause? (5) |
|
Definition
1. prematurity
2. low birthweight
3. placenta previa (location in lower uterine wall)
4. abruptio placentae (seperation from uterine walls)
5. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) |
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Term
| Women who become pregnant after age 35 have distinct? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is preclampsia also known as? |
|
Definition
| pregnancy induced hypertension |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A sudden rise in arterial blood pressure accompanied by rapid weight gain and marked edema during pregnancy. |
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Term
| Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of what? (2) |
|
Definition
1. prematurity
2. maternal and fetal death |
|
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Term
| Preeclampsia may progress into? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Because pregnancy affects insulin requirements, What is beneficial to the health birth outcomes if someone has diabetes? |
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Definition
| Control of glucose levels and avoidance of ketosis by adjusting nutrient intake. |
|
|
Term
| What is gestational diabetes mellitus? |
|
Definition
| A form of diabetes occuring during preganancy; usually after the 20th week of gestation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inborn error of metabolism characterized by extremely low levels of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. |
|
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Term
| Phenylalanine catalyzes the conversion of? |
|
Definition
| phenylalanine to tyrosine |
|
|
Term
| How is phenylketonuria cured? |
|
Definition
| By adhereing to a strict low diet of phenylalanine and supplemented with tyrosine. |
|
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Term
| If a person does not know they have phenylketonuria or fails to follow the strict diet what can occur? |
|
Definition
| irreversible mental retardation |
|
|
Term
| Mothers with untreated PKU have a high likelihood of experiencing? |
|
Definition
1. spontaneous abortion
BABY WITH:
2. microcephaly
3. mental retardation
4. congential heart defects
5. intrauterine growth retardation |
|
|
Term
| In the U.S. most of the female cases of HIV are women of? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Should anacids be taken during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| No, only with permission from primary care provider. |
|
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Term
| Does heartburn usually subside after delivery of an infant? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is constipation during pregnancy usually due to? |
|
Definition
| progesterone that slows GI motility |
|
|
Term
| How long should a mother breastfeed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two hormones involved in lactation? (2) |
|
Definition
1. progesterone
2. estrogen |
|
|
Term
| What does progestrone function in when it comes to lactation? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates lobules and aveoli to increase in size and number. |
|
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Term
| What does estrogen do when it comes to lactation? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates proliferation of the ductal system. |
|
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Term
| What two hormones set off the lactation process? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The fluid secreted from the breast during late pregnancy and the first few day postpartum; contains immunologic active substances (maternal antibodies)and essential nutrients. |
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Term
| Common colds, the flu, and even most illnesses requiring short-term antibiotic therapy do not require cessation of breastfeeding. (True or false) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Should infants have a restircted fat intake? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found in human milk? (2) |
|
Definition
1. cholesterol
2. fat (particularly omega-3 fatty acids) |
|
|
Term
| When can cows milk be fed to an infant? |
|
Definition
| after one year of age if 2/3 of energy is coming from other food. |
|
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Term
| Infants who are introduced to solid foods before 4-6 months may be prone to? (3) |
|
Definition
1. excessive kcal intake
2. food allergies
3. GI upset |
|
|
Term
| What does babby bottle tooth decay most commonly affect? (BBTD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of the endometrium and relaxes the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. |
|
|
Term
| In other words, what is the hemodilution effect? |
|
Definition
MEasured components in the plasma such as
1. Hemoglobin
2. serum proteins
3. vitamins
will appear to be at lower levels during pregnancy. |
|
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Term
| What are the increased risks if you are obese and pregnant?(4) |
|
Definition
1. operative delivery
2. increased maternal pastpartum weight
3. gestational diabetes
4. other long-term health consequences |
|
|
Term
| What is the DRI of folate for pregnant women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The U.S. Public Health Service and the American Academy of pediatrics now recommend all women of childbearing age to recieve a daily intake of? |
|
Definition
| 400 mcg of synthetic folic acid |
|
|
Term
| What are the specific anantomic defects of fetal alchol syndrome? (4) |
|
Definition
1. low nasal bridge
2. short nose
3. flat midface
4. short palpebral fissures |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common complications of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does preeclampsia occur? |
|
Definition
| after 20 weeks of gestation |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 risk factors for preeclampsia? |
|
Definition
1. 19 years or younger
2. 40 years or older |
|
|
Term
| If nothing is done to help with maternal phenylketonuria what can happen to the infant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does constipation occur in the first trimester? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does constipation occur in the second trimester? |
|
Definition
| fetus crowding internal organs |
|
|
Term
| Wha helps with heartburn during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| drinking fluids in between meals rather than with meals. |
|
|
Term
| When does nausea and vomiting generally subside in pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones set off the lactation process? (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is oxytocins function? |
|
Definition
| Initiates uterine contractions and has a role in the ejection of milk. |
|
|
Term
| What is prolactins function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the energy cost of milk per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fatty acids have been found to be essential in proper brain and nervous system development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a preventive measure, U.S. hospitals give infants what after birth? |
|
Definition
| .5-1 mg of vitamin K by injection or 1-2 mg vitamin k orally |
|
|
Term
| The delay in cow's milk consumption reduces the risk of developing a? |
|
Definition
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