Term
| What is the scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| A document that gives detailed information about drugs, such as the indications an uses, dosing information, precautions, contraindications, and adverse effects. |
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Definition
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Term
| The biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Metabolized (Biotransformation) 427
Absorption
Distribution
Elimination |
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Term
| The process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from the site of entry or administration into systemic circulation. |
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Definition
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|
Term
A process with four possible effects on a medication absorbed into the body;
1.An inactive substance can become active, capable of producing desired or unwanted clinical effects.
2. An active medication can be changed into another active medication.
3. An active medication may be completely or partially inactivated.
4. A medication is transformed into a substance (active or inactive) that is easier for the body to eliminate. |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement and transportation of a medication throughout the bloodstream to tissues and cells and, ultimately, to its target receptor. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a parmacologic context, the removal of a medication or its by-products from the body. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The fate of medications in the body, such as distribution and elimination. |
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Definition
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Term
| A specialized area in tissues that initiates certain action after specific stimulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Originating from within the organism (body). |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Originating from outside the organism (body). |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 types of medications or chemicals that directly affect cellular activity by binding with receptor sites on individual cells. |
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Definition
| Agonist and Antagonist Medications 428 |
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Term
| ____ initiate or alter a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a cell response. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ prevent endogenous or exogenous agonist chemicals from reaching cell receptor sites and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity. |
|
Definition
| Antagonist Medications 428 |
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Term
| What is the ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site? |
|
Definition
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Term
| In a pharmacologic context, the concentration of medication at which initiation or alteration of cellular activity begins. |
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Definition
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Term
| The concentration of the medication required to initiate a cellular response. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability to initiate or alter cell activity in a therapeutic or desired manner. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What illustrates the relationship of medication dose (or concentration) and efficacy? |
|
Definition
| Dose-Response Curve 428-429 |
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Term
| ____ temporarily bind with cellular receptor sites, displacing agonist chemicals. |
|
Definition
| Competitive Antagonists 429 |
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Term
| _____ permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals. |
|
Definition
| Noncompetitive Antagonists 429 |
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Term
| What binds to the receptor site but do not initiate as much cellular activity or change as do other agonists? |
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Definition
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Term
| What medications are used to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| The medications used to fight infection by killing the microorganisms or preventing their multiplication to allow the body's immune system to overcome them. |
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Definition
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Term
| The medications used to treat fungal infections. |
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Definition
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Term
| Medications that bind with heavy metals in the body and create a compound that can be eliminated; used in cases of ingestion or poisioning. |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical that increases urinary output. |
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Definition
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Term
| Characterized by the movement of a solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane (cell wall) from an area of lower to higher concentration of solute molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| The specified amount of a medication to be given at specific intervals. |
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Definition
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Term
| A property that indicates a material can be dissolved in water. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hemoprotein involved in the detoxification of many drugs. |
|
Definition
| Cytochrome P-450 System 430 |
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Term
| What is opposite from expected? |
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Definition
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Term
| The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a pharmacologic context, the positive and negative effects of an inactive medication on a person that are related to the person's expectations and other factors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Several smaller doses of a particular medication capable of producing the same clinical effects as a single larger dose of that same medication. |
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Definition
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Term
| A clinical change caused by a medication that causes harm or discomfort to a patient; also known as adverse effect. |
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Definition
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Term
| A severe, possibly fatal reaction that mimics a burn; may be due to medication. |
|
Definition
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome 434 |
|
|
Term
| The destruction of red blood cells by disruption of the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a pharmacologic context, abnormal susceptibility to a medication, possibly due to genetic traits or dysfunction of a metablolic enzyme, that is peculiar to an individual patient (usually unexplained). |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The weight-based dose of a medication that was effective in 50% of the animals tested. |
|
Definition
| Median Effective Dose (ED50) 434 |
|
|
Term
| The weight-based dose of a medication that cause death in 50% of the animals tested. |
|
Definition
| Median Lethal Dose (LD50) 434 |
|
|
Term
| The weight-based dose of a medication that demonstrated toxicity in 50% of the animals tested. |
|
Definition
| Median Toxic Dose (TD5) 434 |
|
|
Term
| The relationship between the medican effective dose and the median lethal dose or median toxic dose. |
|
Definition
| Theraputic Index or Therapeutic Ratio (434) |
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|
Term
| A mild to severe reaction after the first exposure to a medication or other substance, often with many of the same signs and symptoms as an immune-mediated reaction. |
|
Definition
| Medication Sensitivity 434 |
|
|
Term
| An extreme systemic form of an allergic reaction invoving 2 or more body systems. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A condition that develops following repeated use by a patient of a medication that results in decreased efficacy or potency. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The process in which a mechanism reducing availble cell receptors for a particular medication results in tolerance. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A condition in which repeated doses of medication within a short period rapidly cause tolerance, making the medication virtually ineffective. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A process in which repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes tolerance that may be "transferred" to other medications in that same class. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A medication or chemical that temporarily enhances central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system functioning. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A chemical or medication that decreases the performance of the central nervous system or sympathetic nervous system. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Te unusual tolerance to the theraeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The physical, emotional, or behavioral need for a substance to maintain a certain level of "normal" function. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| One medication or chemical taken by a patient that undermines the effectiveness of another medication taken by or administered to a patient. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The time needed for the concentration of the medication at the target tissue to reach the minmum effective level. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In a pharmacologic context, the point of maximum effect of a drug. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The time a medication concentration can be expected to remain above the minimum level needed to provide the intended action. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The percentage of the unchanged medication reaches systemic circulation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Medications administered to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. |
|
Definition
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Term
| The movement of a solvent, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize eoncentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Use of hydrostatic pressure to force water or dissolved particles through a semipermeable membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are molecules that are uncharged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attracted to fats and lipids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attracted to water molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are charged molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its contents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of medication molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended. |
|
Definition
| Facilitated Diffusion 441 |
|
|
Term
| The process of molecules binding with carrier proteins when energy is used to move the molecules against a concentration gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process in which medicatio molecules temporarily attach to proteins in the blood plasma, significantly altering mediation distribution in the body. |
|
Definition
| Plasma Protein Binding 441 |
|
|
Term
| Describes the extent to which a medication will spread within the body. |
|
Definition
| Volume of Distribution 442 |
|
|
Term
| What is it when a medication undergoes some degree of chemical change by the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A medication that has undergone biotransformation and now is no longer able to alter a cell process or body function; not pharmacologically active. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A medication that has undergone biotransformation and is able to alter a cellular process or body function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A process in which a fixed amount of a substance is removed during a cerain period, regardless of the toatl amount in the body. |
|
Definition
| Zero-Order Elimination 442 |
|
|
Term
| The process in which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance. |
|
Definition
| First-Order Elimination 443 |
|
|
Term
| The time needed in an average person for metabolism or elimination of 50% of a substance in the plasma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A term used to describe paralytic agents that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic receptors on muscles, causing fasciculations and preventing additional activation by acetylcholine. |
|
Definition
| Competitive Depolarizing 448 |
|
|
Term
| Brief, uncoordinated, visible twitching of small muscle groups; may be caused by the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (succinylcholine). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A term used to describe drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between the nerve ending and muscle receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sites of generation of electrical impulses other than normal pacemaker cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A classificatin scheme based on the mechanism of action rather than on specific medication groups. |
|
Definition
| Vaughn-Williams Classification Scheme 450 |
|
|
Term
| A state in which cardiac cells are at rest, waiting for the generation of a spontaneous impulse from within. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The early phase of cardiac repolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize. |
|
Definition
| Absolute Refractory Period also Effective Refractory Period 450 |
|
|
Term
| The process of discharging resting cardiac muscle fibers by an electric impulse that causes them to contract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The period in the cell-firing cycle at which it is possible but difficult to restimulate the cell to fire another impulse. |
|
Definition
| Relative Refractory Period 450 |
|
|
Term
| Seepage of blood and medication into the tissue surrounding the blood vessel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A tumor found in the adrenal glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A term used to describe the fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system that release a chemical called acetylcholine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pertaining to voluntary muscle movements that are distorted or impaired because of abnormal muscle tone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___, ___, and ___ societies used chemical remedies to treat everything from pain to baldness. |
|
Definition
| Early Chinese, Mesopotamian, and Egyptian 423 |
|
|
Term
| When did formal study of the effects of medication on the body bein to emerge? |
|
Definition
| Late 17th and 18th Centuries 423 |
|
|
Term
| The first significant regulation was enacted with the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in what year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year was opium prohibited from being imported under the Opium Exclusion Act? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What year did the Harrison Narcotic Act become law? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the Harrison Naroctic Act restrict from being used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ was given enforcement authority for rules requiring that new drugs were safe and pure. |
|
Definition
| US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 423 |
|
|
Term
| Who is responsible for enforcing the Controlled Substances Act? |
|
Definition
| US Drug Enforcement Agency 423 |
|
|
Term
| What act classifies certain medications with the potential of abuse into 5 categories? |
|
Definition
| Controlled Substance Act 423 |
|
|
Term
| What year was the Controlled Substance Act implemented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High abuse potential; no recognized medical purpose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High abuse potential; legitimate medical purpose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower potential for abuse than Schedule II medications. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower potential for abuse than Schedule III drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heroin, marijuana, and LSD are examples of what schedule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fentanyl (Sublimaze), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and Cocaine are examples of what schedule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrocodone (Vicodin), acetaminophen with codeine, and ketamine are examples of what schedule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diazepam (Valium) and lorazepam (Ativan) are examples of what schedule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Narcotic cough medicines are an example of what schedule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medications made completely in a laboratory setting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medications made from chemicals derived from plant, animal, or mineral sources that have been chemically modified in a laboratory setting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is also used to manufacture certain medications that cannot be obtained from natural sources. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a great source of information regarding the manufacturing details of a particular medication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of medication? |
|
Definition
| Plant, Animal, Microorganism, and Minerals 424 |
|
|
Term
| Atrophine, aspirin, digoxin, and morphine come from what source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heparin, antivenom, thyroid preparations, and insulin come from what source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streptokinase and numerous antibiotics come from what source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iron, magnesium sulfate, lithium, phosphorus, and calcium come from what source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 type of medication names? |
|
Definition
| Chemical, Generic, and Brand 425 |
|
|
Term
| Who approves the generic name for a medication? |
|
Definition
| US Adopted Names Council and World Health Organization 435 |
|
|
Term
| Generic names typically include what that links them to other medications in the same class? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the stem that benzodiazepine medications have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the stem for Angiotensin-Converting Enzymes (ACE) inhibitor medications? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who approves the brand name of a medication given by the manufacturer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most basic concern regarding medication storage? |
|
Definition
| Integrity of Medication Container 427 |
|
|
Term
| What is the USP recommended temperature range for the storage of most medications used in the prehospital setting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a medication binds with a receptor site, one of four possible actions will occur. |
|
Definition
1. Channels permitting the passage of ions in cell walls may be opened or closed.
2. A biochemical messenger becomes activated, initiating other chemical reactions within the cell.
3. A normal cell function is prevented.
4. A normal or abnormal function of the cell begins. |
|
|
Term
| ____ is demonstrated when the dose-response curves of two different medications causing the same effect are compared. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin restriction, glucagon secretion, and inhibition of norepinephrine release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased heart rate, increased myocardial contractility, increased myocardial conduction, and renin secretion for urinary retentio. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bronchus and bronchiole relaxation, insulin secretion, uterine relaxation, and arterial dilation in certain key organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasodilation of renal and mesenteric arteries (Numerous receptor subtypes exist.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Present at neuromuscular junction, allowing acetylcholine (ACh) to stimulate muscle contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Present in the heart; activated by ACh to offset sympathetic stimulation, decreasing heart rate, contractility, and electrical conduction velocity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medications distribute into 3 primary types of boy substances. |
|
Definition
| Water, Lipids or Fats, and Protein 430 |
|
|
Term
| In a recent study, how much were health care providers' estimates off of a patient's weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With a preganant patient, how much does her cardiac output and intravascular volume increase? |
|
Definition
| About 40% Above Baseline 431 |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 rights of medication administration? |
|
Definition
1. Right Patient 444
2. Right Medication
3. Right Dose
4. Right Route
5. Right Time
6. Right Documentation and Reporting |
|
|
Term
| What is a rare, but immediately life-threatening, adverse reaction to succinylcholine? |
|
Definition
| Malignant Hyperthermia 448 |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of malignant hyperthermia? |
|
Definition
| Severe Hyperthermia, Muscle Rigidity, and Metabolic Acidosis 448 |
|
|
Term
| Two medications with a similar effect combine, and the resulting effect is greater than the sum of the effects of the medications. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effect of one medication is greatly enhanced by the presence of another medication, which does not have the ability to produce the same effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two medications, each producing opposite effects, are present simultaneously, resulting in minimal or no clinical changes. |
|
Definition
| Physiologic (drug) antagonism 437 |
|
|
Term
| Abiltiy of medication to pass through the GI tract into the bloodstream. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Perfusion of the GI system (may be decreased during systemic trauma or shock). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Injury or bleeding in the GI system (both can alter GI motility, decreaing the time that oral medications can be absorbed). |
|
Definition
| Presence of food, liquids, or chemicals in the stomach 438 |
|
|
Term
| What was the first significant regulation that was enacted in 1906? |
|
Definition
| Pure Food and Drug Act 423 |
|
|
Term
| What act prohibited altering or mislabeling medications? |
|
Definition
| Pure Food and Drug Act 423 |
|
|
Term
| In 1909, opium was prohibited from being imported under the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What became law in 1914 and restricted the used of various opiates and cocaine? |
|
Definition
| Harrison Narcotic Act 423 |
|
|
Term
| Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938, the ______ was given enforcement authority for rules requiring that new drugs were safe and pure. |
|
Definition
| United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 423 |
|
|
Term
| What are schedule I drugs? |
|
Definition
| Heroin, marijuana, and LSD 424 |
|
|
Term
| What are schedule II drugs? |
|
Definition
| Fentanyl (Sublimaze), methylpheidate (Ritalin), morphine sulfate, and cocaine 424 |
|
|
Term
| What are schedule III drugs? |
|
Definition
| Hydrocodone (Vicodin), acetaminophen with codeine, and ketamine 424 |
|
|
Term
| What are schedule IV drugs? |
|
Definition
| Diazepam (Valium), midazolam (Versed), lorazepam (Ativan) 424 |
|
|
Term
| What are schedule V drugs? |
|
Definition
| Narcotic cough medicines 424 |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of medications? |
|
Definition
| Plant, Animal, Microorganism, and Minerals 424 |
|
|
Term
| What type of source does atropine, aspirin, digoxin, and morphine come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of source does heparin, antivenom, thyroid preparations, and insulin come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of source does streptokinase and numerous antibiotics come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of source does iron, magnesium sulfate, lithium, phosphorus, and calcium come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is made completely in a laboratory setting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is made from chemicals derived from plant, animal, or mineral sources that have been chemically modified in a laboratory setting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a great source of information regarding the manufacturing details of a particular medication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who has to approve the generic name of a medication? |
|
Definition
| US Adopted Names Council and World Health Organization 425 |
|
|
Term
| Who approves the brand name of medications? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides a wealth of reliable, detailed information about thousands of medications? |
|
Definition
| United States Pharmacopiea-National Formulary (USP-NF) and Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) 426 |
|
|
Term
| Why should paramedics be careful when referencing the AMA publication? |
|
Definition
| Not every medication has FDA approvl 426 |
|
|
Term
| What is the most basic concern regarding medication storage? |
|
Definition
| Integrity of Container 427 |
|
|
Term
| What is the USP recommended temperature range for the storage of most medications used in the prehospital setting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you suspect in situations in which appropriate doses of analgesic or sedative medications seem ineffective, especially when patient tolerance is unlikely? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasoconstriction of arteries and veins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin restriction, glucagon secretion, and inhibition of norepinephrine release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased heart rate (chronotropic), Increased myocardial contractility (inotropic), Increase myocardial conduction (dromotropic), and renin secretion for urinary retention. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bronchus and bronchiole relaxtion, insulin secretion, uterine relaxtion, and arteral dilation in certian key organs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasodilation of renal and mesenteric atreries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Present at neuromuscular junction, allowing acetylcholine to stimulate muscle contraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Present in the heart; activated by ACh to offset sympathetic stimulation, decreasing heart rate, contractility, and electrical conduction velocity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is a large difference between the median effective dose and the median toxic dose or median lethal dose? |
|
Definition
| Considered safe and possibly nontoxic 434 |
|
|
Term
| What is medication and substances present in the environment that have the potential to trigger and exaggerated response from the body's immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chemicals cause a transient increase in physical, mental, or emotional performance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of stimulants? |
|
Definition
| Caffine, cocaine, and amphetamines 435 |
|
|
Term
| What medications and chemicals reduce CNS and sympathetic nervous system functioning, causing sedation, anxiolysis, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, and a variety of similar clinical symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common depressants? |
|
Definition
| Benzodiazepines, alcohol, and opioid chemicals 435 |
|
|
Term
| What medicine can be giving intranasal? |
|
Definition
| fentanyl (Sublimaze), midazolam (Versed), and naloxone (Narcan) 438 |
|
|
Term
| What is given for cyanide exposure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may be nebulized following inhalation exposure to hydrofluoric acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 anatomic barriers that prevent various medication molecules from reaching underlying tissues? |
|
Definition
| Blood-Brain barrier, blood-placenta barrier, and blood-testes barrier 441 |
|
|
Term
| What is a the chemical produced following biotransformation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does most biotransformation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two ultra short-acting sedative medications used to facilitate airway placement? |
|
Definition
| etomidate (Amidate) and ketamine (Ketalar) 445 |
|
|
Term
| What is a competitve benzodiazepine antagonist? |
|
Definition
| flumazenil (Romazicon) 448 |
|
|
Term
| What is a rare, but immediately life-threatening, adverse reaction to succinylcholine? |
|
Definition
| Malignant Hyperthermia 448 |
|
|
Term
| What can promote cellular uptake of potassium, making it a potential temporary treatment for hyperkalemia until definitive potassium removal occurs? |
|
Definition
| albuterol (Ventolin and Proventil) 449 |
|
|
Term
| What medications slow the movement of sodium through channels in certain cardiac cells? |
|
Definition
| Class I Antidysrhythmic 451 |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes the second major class of antidysrhythmic agents? |
|
Definition
| Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents 451 |
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Term
| What is a beta-blocking agent used to reduce the heart rate during myocardial ischemia and in certain artrial tachycardias? |
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Definition
| metoprolol (Lopressor) 451 |
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Term
| What medications increase the duration of phases 1, 2, and 3 of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
| Class III antidysrhythmic 451 |
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Term
| What is peripheal vascular resistance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hypotension related to sudden position change? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is elevated concentration of glucose and plasma proteins? |
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Definition
| Plasma Hyperosmolality 454 |
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Term
| What is the preferred IV fluid for Y-site tubing administration during blood product transfusion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a blood product that contains a concentrated assortment of blood clotting factors, without the additional volume present in FFP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a low platelet level in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the treatment of pain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a tear in the mucous membrane of the lower part of the esophagus or the upper part of the stomach? |
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Definition
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