Term
| Name and describe two different pathways of the afferent division. |
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Definition
1. Visceral afferent pathway - carries information from the inner organs (heart, kidneys, upper digestive tract, etc.)
2. Somatic afferent pathway - either somatic sensation (skin) or proprioceptor (muscles, joints, skin); special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance) |
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Term
| Differentiate between sensation and perception. |
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Definition
Sensation is the conscious awareness of changes in the interal and external environment.
Perception is the conscious interpretation of those stimuli. |
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Term
| Where are the sensory receptors located? |
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Definition
| The sensory receptors are structures at the peripheral endings of afferent neurons. |
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Term
| Name the six different types of sensory receptors discussed in class. |
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Definition
1. Photoreceptors (light, photons)
2. Mechanoreceptors (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, itch)
3. Thermoreceptors (fluctuations in temperature)
4. Osmoreceptor (solute concentrations)
5. Chemoreceptors (specific chemicals...smell, taste, O2, CO2)
6. Nociceptor (pain receptor) |
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Term
| What is the function of photoreceptors? |
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Definition
| detection of light, photons |
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Term
| What is the function of mechanoreceptors? |
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Definition
| Detection of touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, itch, etc. |
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Term
| What is the function of thermoreceptors? |
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Definition
| Detection of temperature fluctations |
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Term
| What is the function of osmoreceptors? |
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Definition
| Detection of solute concentrations |
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Term
| What is the function of chemoreceptors? |
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Definition
| Detection of specific chemicals (taste, smell, blood chemistry, O2, CO2) |
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Term
| What is the function of nocireceptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What takes place once a receptor is stimulated? |
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Definition
| The stimulus alters membrane permeability of the receptor, which leads to an influx of ions. This produces a receptor (generator) potential. This is just another graded potential. The magnitude of receptor potential indicates stimulus intensity. |
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Term
| How is the intensity of a stimulus determined? |
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Definition
1. Determined by frequency of action potential; degree of receptor potential; the greater the receptor potential, the more frequent action potential.
2. Number of receptors activated; area of stimulation (think about face and back of legs) |
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Term
| Name the two classes of adaptation. |
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Definition
Classifications are based on speed.
1. Tonic (slow) receptors include chemoreceptors that respond to chemical levels in the blood; pain receptors and proprioceptors doo not exhibit adatation
2. Phasic (fast) receptors adapt rapidly to pressure, touch, and smell; Pacinian corpuscle (mechanoreceptors) detect pressure and vibrations in the skin |
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Term
| What is the speed of adaptation of each class of neuroadapters? |
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Definition
1. tonic adaptation (slow)
2. phasic adaptation (fast) |
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Term
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Definition
| No; pain receptors and proprioceptors do not exhibit adaptation |
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Term
| Can smell chemoreceptors adapt? |
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Definition
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