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| Holism(holistic perspective) |
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Definition
| The assumption that any aspect of a culture is integrated with other aspects, so that no dimension of culture can be understood in isolation. |
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| The insistence by anthropologists that valid hypotheses and theories about humanity be tested with information from a wide range of cultures |
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| The notion that one should not judge the behavior of other peoples using the standards of one's own culture |
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| The attitude or opinion that the morals, values, and customs of one's own culture are superior to those of other peoples |
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| The study of human cultures from a comparative perspective; often used as a synonym for cultural anthropology |
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| A written description of the way of life of some human population |
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| Three different definitions of culture |
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Definition
1. Human's extra-somatic means of adaption
2. Political and social means of navigation through
a complex web of social relationships
3. Webs of meaning |
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| Information, skills, attitudes, conceptions, beliefs, values and the other mental components of culture that ppl socially learn during enculturation |
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| Within a single culture, the behavior that most people perform when they are in certain culturally defined situations |
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| The transmission (by means of social learning) of cultural knowledge to the next generation |
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| The shared ideals and/or expectations about how certain people ought to act in given situations |
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| Rights and duties that individuals assume because of their perceived personal identity or membership in a social group. |
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| The social and/or economic position a field researcher defines for him or herself in the community being studied. |
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| The cultural tradition a group of people recognize as their own; the shared customs and beliefs that define how a group sees itself as distinctive |
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| Cultural differences characteristic of members of carious ethnic groups, regions, religions, and so forth within a single society or country |
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| Elements of culture that exist in all known human groups or societies |
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| Total system of linguistic knowledge that allows the speakers of a language to send meaningful messages that hearers can understand. |
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| The smallest unit of sound that speakers unconsciously recognize as distinctive from other sounds; when one phoneme is substituted for another in a morpheme, the meaning of the morpheme alters. |
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| A class of things or properties that are perceived as alike in some fundamental respect; hierarchically organized. |
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| Specialty within cultural anthropology that studies how language is related to culture and the social uses of speech |
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| Theoretical orientation holding that the main influences on cultural differences and similarities are technology, environment, and how people produce and distribute resources. |
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| The nineteenth-century theoretical orientation that held that all human was of life pass through a similar sequence of stages in their development |
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| The theoretical orientation emphasizing that each culture is the unique product of all the influences to which it was subjected in its past, making cross-cultural generalizations questionable |
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| Theoretical orientation that analyzes cultural elements in terms of their useful effects to individuals or to the persistence of the whole society |
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| Multi-lineal evolution (neoevolutionism) |
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Definition
| the mid-twentieth century rebirth of evolutionary approaches to the theoretical study of culture |
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| A member of society who is especially knowledgable about some subject, and who supplies information to a fieldworker |
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| The main technique used in conducting ethnographic fieldwork, involving living among a people and participating in their daily activities |
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| Cross-cultural comparisons |
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Definition
| A methodology for testing a hypothesis using a sample of societies drawn from around the world |
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| The feeling of uncertainty and anxiety an individual experiences when placed in a strange cultural setting |
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| A method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used and in which land use in extensive. |
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Definition
| A system of cultivation in which plots are planted annually or semiannually; usually uses irrigation, natural fertilizers, and (in the Old World) plows powered by animals |
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Definition
| 1. Human's extra-somatic means of adaption 2. Political and social means of navigation through a complex web of social relationships 3. Webs of meaning |
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| Shared aspects of Culture |
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Definition
| 1. broadly shared by a group 2. socially learned 3. knowledge and patterned behavior |
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| In a language, words are composed of these discrete units of sound that are combined to communicate a meaning (ex. j, u, m, p) |
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| Language has this ability to talk about objects, people, things and events that are remote in time and space. EX: play on words |
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| Means that linguistic messages can be transmitted through a variety of media |
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| Variation in speech pattern, including in pronunciation and vocabulary |
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| A remarkable resonating chamber, consisted of lungs, trachea, mouth, and nasal passages |
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| A combination of phonemes that communicates a standardized meaning |
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Any morphemes that can stand alone as words
EX: desire, possible, health |
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Definition
These are attached to free morphemes to modify their meanings in predictable ways
EX: desirable, unhealthy, uncompleted |
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| Study of the meanings conveyed by space and distance |
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| What is said and how it is said |
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| Refers to the facial expression, intentional and implicit messages, touch, and how we move our bodies in order to communicate |
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| The idea that language influences the perceptions and though patterns of those who speak it, and thus conditions their worldview |
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| Interpretive anthropology |
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Definition
An anthropological theory: The analysis of cultural elements by explicating meanings to people and understanding them in their local context. Looks at webs of meaning.
Ideologist--->social---->materialist |
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| Interpretive anthropology |
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Definition
| Generally, the emphasis of cultural diversity and the unique qualities of particular cultures |
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When symbols represent many qualities and abstract values simultaneously and do so materialistically
ex: flags, statues, crosses |
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| The working relationship between the researcher and the members of the community he or she is studying. |
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H/G/F:
-are relatively homogenous
-live in small group and move every few days
-move across landscape w/o planning
-live on the edge of starvation |
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| One of the many roles a member of a society plays--with different rights and obligations for each |
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| Morphemes and Phonemes are discreet units. These can be combined in a multitude of ways to create infinite meaning. |
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An anthropological theory: The scientific comparison or cross-cultural studies of multiple cultures and how they interact with their environments/materials in the environment.
materialists--->social--->ideology |
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Considered a "Nuanced Science". This anthropological theory focuses on webs of social interaction.
social--->ideology---->materialists |
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| An early state in the gathering of data. A census gathers information such as age, occupation, marital status and household sizes |
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| To ask a set of questions to many people |
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| To qualitatively,humanistically, and openly interview few people. This approach does not seek out specific answers. |
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| Researchers watch activities and then record what occurs. EX: public activities, ceremonies, economic activities |
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| A database of ethnographies |
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| This helps one understand variability. It contains two assumptions: 1) the forager knows the environment 2) One tries to maximize the benefits while minimizing labor put in (economic rationality) |
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| An example of diminishing returns: Any time spent on a patch after this value costs more than to leave |
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Those who exploit the wild plants and animals of a territory for food.
They move the camp to the resources. |
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| These people move the necessary resources to the camp. They tend to have some storage |
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| The type of person that tends to breed and harvest products of livestock(domestication) for food and trade |
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| genetic basis of a species altered due to human intervention to a degree when species no longer survive without human intervention |
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| Human control of the distribution, abundance and biological features of species to increase their usefulness to humans |
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| An agricultural method use in tropical areas in which people chop down trees, burn the land, and allow a fallow period until the land can be used for farming again |
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| The migration of people according to season |
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| Methods taken by farmers in order to account for rain fall |
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| an economic organization of society built largely on mechanized industry rather than agriculture, craftsmanship, or commerce. |
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| Globalization of production |
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Definition
| The ability to harvest fossil fuels, manufacture, and transport them quickly to any part of the world |
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