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| - movement beginning with the 1994 congressional elections to transfer functions and responsibilities from the national government to the states, for example, providing welfare |
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| constitutional arrangement whereby power is distributed between a central government and subdivisional governments, called states in the United State. The national and the subdivisional governments both exercise direct authority over individuals. |
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| a constitutional arrangement in which power is concentrated in a central government. |
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| a constitutional arrangement in which sovereign nations or states, by compact, create a central government but carefully limit its power and do not give it direct authority over individuals |
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| powers specifically granted to one of the branches of the national government by the Constitution. |
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| powers inferred from express powers that allow congress to carry out its functions. |
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| • Necessary and proper clause |
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| clause of the constitution setting forth the implied powers of Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out all powers vested by the constitution in the national government. |
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| those powers of the national government in the field of foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend upon the constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government |
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| the clause (Article I) in the constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states, with other nations, and with the Indian tribes. This clause provides the constitutional basis for most national regulations of our economy, as well as for much civil legislation. |
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| a requirement imposed by the federal government as a condition of receipt of federal funds. |
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| powers the constitution gives to both the national and state governments such as the power to levy taxes |
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| • Full faith and credit clause |
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| clause in the constitution requiring each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid documents. |
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| legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. |
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| - an agreement among two or more states. The constitution requires that most such agreements be approved by Congress. |
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| constitutional doctrine that whenever conflict occurs between the constitutionally authorized actions of the national government and those of a state or local government the actions of the federal government take priority. |
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| the right of a federal law or regulation to preclude enforcement of a state or local law or regulation |
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| those who favor national action over action at the state and local levels |
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| those who favor state or local action rather than national action |
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| program from 1972-1987 whereby federal funds were provided to be spent largely at the discretion of the receiving governments, subject to very general condtions. |
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