Term
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Definition
| pain reliever. A drug that inhibits painful stimuli or the perception of pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that is physically addictive with repeated use. Narcotic analgesics are similar to opium (opiate drugs). |
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Term
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Definition
| are derived from the poppy plant |
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Term
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Definition
| similar in structure to morphine |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent or interrupt moderate to severe pain of any origin without a loss of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| during or after surgical procedures |
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Term
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Definition
| any etiology from back pain to cancer pain |
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Term
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Definition
| extracted from poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum) |
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Term
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Definition
Euphoria Analgesia Sedation
Relief from diarrhea Cough suppression |
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Term
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Definition
| drug extracted from the exudate of the poppy |
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Term
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Definition
| is a natural or synthetic drug that binds to opioid receptors prod“opioid” ucing agonist effects |
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Term
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Definition
derivatives of thenaturally occurring plant substance opium (semi-synthetic) OR
synthetic substances that produce the same pharmacologic effects as opium |
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Term
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Definition
phenanthrene
morphine 10%
codeine 0.5%
thebaine 0.2% |
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Term
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Definition
heroin
oxymorphone
Hydromorphone |
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Term
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Definition
meperidine
methadone
morphinians
benzamorphans |
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Term
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Definition
Morphine
Heroin
Hydromorphone
Fentanyl
Codeine
Hydrocodone |
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Term
| Pain is composed of two elements |
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Definition
localized stimulation of peripheral nerves through damage or inflammation
and recognition of pain within the CNS that
can intensify the reaction to pain |
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Term
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Definition
| the mechanism whereby pain peripheral stimuli are transmitted to the central nervous system. |
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Term
| Polymodal nociceptors (PMN) |
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Definition
| the main type of peripheral sensory neuron that responds to pain stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| endings respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli. |
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Term
| Activation of peripheral nociceptive fibers |
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Definition
| causes release of substance P and other pain-signaling neurotransmitters from nerve terminals in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Release of pain-signaling neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| regulated by endogenous endorphins or by exogenous opioid agonists by acting presynaptically to inhibit substance P release, causing analgesia |
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Term
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Definition
analgesics relieve pain by
selectively acting on receptors within the
CNS |
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Term
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Definition
decrease anxiety
reduce the reaction to pain
interrupt pain signal transmission within the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
they are at areas concerned with pain
and receptor locations beginning with highest concentration areas |
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Term
| Opioid Receptors location |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex,amygdala, septum, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
action of endorphins
produced in the brain and spinal cord by
selectively stimulating receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors mediate analgesia, euphoria, and respiratory depression |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors mediate sedation, dysphoria |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors mediate hallucinations, and increased respiration and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| show poor analgesia and little addictive potential |
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Term
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Definition
May regulate mu receptor activity
Believed to cause hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Located outside spinal cord
Responsible for central interpretation of pain |
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Term
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Definition
Located throughout CNS
Responsible for respiratory depression, spinal analgesia, physical dependence, and euphoria |
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Term
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Definition
Only modest analgesia
Little or no respiratory depression
Little or no dependence
Dysphoric effects |
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Term
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Definition
| has affinity for binding plus efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
| has affinity for binding but no efficacy; blocks action of endogenous and exogenous ligands |
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Term
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Definition
| produces an agonist effect at one receptor and an antagonist effect at another |
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Term
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Definition
| has affinity for binding but low efficacy |
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Term
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Definition
Morphine
*Heroin
*Hydromorphone
*Fentanyl
*Codeine |
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Term
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Definition
Drowsiness and lethargy
Apathy
Cognitive impairment
Sense of tranquility |
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Term
| Depression of respiration |
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Definition
Main cause of death from opioid overdose
Combination of opioids and alcohol is especially dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
| Opioids suppress the “cough center” in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| pupillary constriction in the presence of analgesics is characteristic of opioid use |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulation of receptors in an area of the medulla called the chemoreceptor trigger zone causes nausea and vomiting
Unpleasant side effect, but not life threatening |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal symptoms |
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Definition
| Opioids relieve diarrhea as a result of their direct actions on the intestines |
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Term
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Definition
Opioids can release histamines causing itching or more severe allergic reactions including bronchoconstriction
Opioids can affect white blood cell function and immune function |
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Term
Pharmacological Effects on
CNS |
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Definition
Change in mental alertness, sedation (μ, κ)
Change mood, euphoria (µ) or dysphoria (κ)
Stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone
initiating nausea and vomiting
Dose dependent depression of the vomiting center
Depression of respiratory centers (µ)
Headache
Cough suppressant (antitussive)
Secretion of antidiuretic hormone |
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